semanticscience-model

metamodel version: 1.7.0

version: 0.1.0

The Semanticscience Integrated Ontology (SIO) provides a simple, integrated ontology of types and relations for rich description of objects, processes and their attributes.

Classes

  • Entity - Every thing is an entity.
    • Attribute - An attribute is a characteristic of some entity.
      • Quality - A quality is an attribute that is intrinsically associated with its bearer (or its parts), but whose presence/absence and observed/measured value may vary.
        • AssertionalQualifier - An assertional qualifier is the quality of affirmation, either being positive or negative.
          • Negative - negative is an assertional qualifier that expresses the falsity or lack of truth of a basic assertion.
          • Positive - positive is an assertional qualifier that expresses the validity or truth of a basic assertion.
        • ExistenceQuality - existence quality is the quality of an entity that describe in what environment it is known to exist.
          • Hypothetical - hypothetical is the quality of an entity that is conjectured to exist.
            • Fictional - fictional is the quality of an entity that exists only in a creative work of fiction.
            • Predicted - predicted is the quality of an entity that is thought to exist, as evidenced by some rational procedure.
          • Real - real is the quality of an entity that exists in real space and time.
          • Unsupported - unsupported is an existence quality in which there is no evidence to support the existence of the entity in any world (real or hypothetical)
          • Virtual - virtual is the quality of an entity that exists only in a virtual setting such as a simulation or game environment.
        • InformationalQuality - An informational quality is a quality that pertains to information.
        • Intensity - intensity is a quality that represents the strength or degree of something.
          • Fatal - fatal is a qualitative intensity value that is more intense than severe, leading to the death/non-functioning of a system.
          • Mild - mild is a qualitative intensity value that is more intense than weak, but less intense than moderate.
          • Moderate - moderate is a qualitative intensity value that is more intense than mild, but less intense than strong.
          • Severe - severe is a qualitative intensity value that is more intense than strong, but less intense than fatal.
          • Strong - strong is a qualitative intensity value that is more intense than moderate, but less intense than severe.
          • Weak - weak is a qualitative intensity value that is more intense than none, but less intense than mild.
        • Normality - normality is the quality in which the value may differ from normal or average
          • Abnormal - A quality that has a value that is outside normal or average.
            • Decreased - A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
            • Increased - A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
          • Normal - A quality that has a value that is normal or average.
        • ObjectQuality - An object quality is quality of an object.
          • BiologicalQuality - A biological quality is a quality held by a biological entity.
            • BiologicalSex - biological sex is the quality of a biological organism based on reproductive function or organs.
              • Female - female is a biological sex of an individual with female sexual organs.
              • Intersex - intersex is a biological sex characterised by birth with genitalia and/or secondary sexual characteristics of indeterminate sex, or which combine features of both sexes.
                • Hermaphrodite - hermaphrodite is a biological sex of an individual with both male and female sexual organs.
              • Male - male is a biological sex of an individual with male sexual organs.
            • CellularQuality - cellular quality is the quality of a cell
              • Ploidy - ploidy is the cellular quality relating to the amount of DNA contained in a cell.
            • Disease - disease is the outward manifestation of one or more disorders.
            • Ethnicity - ethnicity is the biological quality of membership in a social group based on a common heritage.
            • LifeStatus - life status is the quality of whether something is alive or dead.
              • Alive - alive is the state of a biological organism that exhibits biological functions.
                • Healthy - healthy is an organismal state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
                • Sick - sick is the status of a living organism that is behaving at a sub-optimal level.
              • Dead - dead is the quality of an object in which there is a cessation of all biological functions.
            • ParentalTransmission - parental transmition is the quality of a biological organism in which the (genetic) material is transmitted from a parental unit.
              • MaternallyTransmitted - maternally transmitted is the quality of a biological organism in which the (genetic) material is transmitted from the maternal line.
              • PaternallyTransmitted - paternally transmitted is the quality of a biological organism in which the (genetic) material is transmitted from the paternal line.
            • Phenotype - A phenotype is an observable characteristic of an individual.
            • Race - race is a characteristic of an individual by heritable phenotypic characteristics, geographic ancestry, physical appearance, ethnicity, and social status.
            • Zygosity - zygosity is the quality pertaining to the allelic complement of a biological system at a single locus on the DNA.
              • Hemizygous - hemizygous is the quality of a biological organism in which, based on the ploidy of the organism, there is half the number of alleles than normal at a given locus.
              • Heterozygous - homozygous is the quality of a biological organism in which there are two different alleles at a given locus.
              • Homozygous - homozygous is the quality of a biological organism in which there are two identical alleles at a given locus.
              • Nullizygous - nullizygous is the quality of a biological organism in which there are no allelles at a given locus.
          • ChemicalQuality - chemical quality is the quality of a chemical entity.
            • ChargeQuality - charge quality is the quality pertaining to electric charge.
              • Charged - The quality of having a charge.
                • CompleteCharge - A complete charge is a charge where the value of the charge is a multiple of 1.
                  • NegativeCharge - A negative charge is a charge where the value is negative.
                  • PositiveCharge - A positive charge is a charge where the value is positive.
                • PartialCharge - The quality of having a charge that is not a full multiple of 1 unit charge.
                  • PartialNegativeCharge - A partial positive charge is a partial charge where the value of the charge is positive.
                  • PartialPositiveCharge - A partial negative charge is a negative charge where the value of the charge is negative.
              • Uncharged - The quality of not having a charge.
            • CodingFrameOffset - a coding frame offset is a numeric value that indicates the number of bases from a reference start codon position.
            • MolecularOrbital - A molecular orbital (or MO) is a mathematical function describing the wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule.
            • MolecularStructureDescriptor - molecular structure descriptor is data that describes some aspect of the molecular structure (composition) and is about some chemical entity.
              • BiomolecularStructureDescriptor - A biomolecular structure descriptor is structure description for organic compounds.
                • PrimaryStructureDescriptor - A primary structure descriptor describes a biomolecular object in terms of a 1D or 2D topology.
                  • BiopolymerSequence - A sequence is a primary structure descriptor in which each of the letters in the string represents a monomeric unit (residue) in which adjacent letters represent the connectivity between the monomeric units.
                    • NucleicAcidSequence - A nucleic acid sequence is a symbolic representation of the sequence of nucleic acid residues in a nucleic acid.
                      • CodingSequence - a coding sequence is a sequence of nucleotides which encode a RNA or protein product..
                      • DeoxyribonucleicAcidSequence - A deoxyribonucleic acid sequence is a symbolic representation of the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid residues in a deoxyribonucleic acid.
                      • RibonucleicAcidSequence - A ribonucleic acid sequence is a symbolic representation of the sequence of ribonucleic acid residues in a ribonucleic acid.
                    • ProteinSequence - A protein acid sequence is the character representation of the molecular structure of a protein.
                    • SequenceAssembly - A sequence assembly is a sequence that is produced as by the alignment of two or more sequences.
                • QuaternaryStructure - A quaternary structure descriptor describes topological patterns in a multi-unit biopolymer complex.
                • SecondaryStructureDescriptor - A secondary structure descriptor describes local topological patterns in a biopolymer.
                • TertiaryStructureDescriptor - A tertiary structure descriptor describes 3D topological patterns in a biopolymer.
                  • 3dStructureModel - A 3D structure model is a representation of the spatial arrangement of one or more chemical entities.
            • PolarQuality - The quality of being polar or not polar.
              • Non-polar - non-polar is the quality of not having a dipole.
              • Polar - polar is the quality of having a dipole.
            • Toxicity - toxicity is the quality of a chemical substance to cause injury to an organism in a dose dependent manner.
              • NonToxic - non toxic is the quality of a substance having no damaging effect to a system.
              • Toxic - toxic is the quality of a substance imparing the normal functioning of a system.
          • CompositionalQuality - composition quality is a quality that describes its composition or anatomy.
            • Heterogeneous - homogeneous is a quality that describes the varied composition of an object.
            • Homogeneous - homogeneous is a quality that describes the uniform composition of an object.
          • Fitness - fitness is the quality of an object with respect to some stated functions or evolutionary adaptation.
          • MereologicalQuality - a mereological quality is a quality of an entity vis-a-vis containment or parthood
            • ContainmentQuality - a containment quality is a quality of being able to contain another entity.
              • Empty - empty is the quality of not containing some thing
              • Full - full is the quality of contain an entity such that there is no more space for any additional entity.
          • ObjectRelationalQuality - object relational quality refers to a quality in relation to one or more objects
            • ReplicaQuality - replica quality is the quality of an object that is an exact copy of another object.
            • SampleQuality - sample quality is the quality of an object that is drawn from a larger population.
            • SyntheticQuality - synthetic quality is the quality of a manufactured object that has similar properties as naturally occuring objects.
          • Shape - shape is the quality of a bearer that relates to its spatial extent.
            • Curvature - curvature is a quality of a bearer that relates to the presence of curves, bends, or angles.
              • Bent - bent is the quality of a line being sharply curved or having an angle.
              • Curved - curved is the quality of a line that deviates from straightness in a smooth, continuous fashion.
              • Straight - straight is a quality of a bearer that is free of curves, bends, or angles.
          • StructuralQuality - A structural quality is a quality of an object that describes its structure.
            • Disordered - disordered is a structural quality in which the parts of an object are non-rigid.
            • Helicity - helicity is the quality of being helical
              • CircularlyHelical - a circularly helical quality is the quality of a helix that is connected in a circle or loop.
              • Left-handedHelical - left-handed helical quality is the quality in which a clockwise screwing motion moves the helix towards the observed along the line of sight along the helix's axis.
              • Right-handedHelical - right-handed helical quality is the quality in which a clockwise screwing motion moves the helix away from the observed along the line of sight along the helix's axis.
            • Rigid - rigid is the quality of maintaining structural integrity (and not bending) under pressure.
          • TextQuality - text quality is the quality of a textual entity.
            • Written - written is the quality of information that is embodied as visual glyphs in some material form.
              • Draft - draft is the quality of text that has not yet complete.
              • Finalized - finalized is the quality of a textual entity that is in its final form.
              • Reviewed - reviewed is the quality of a textual entity that has been examined and commented on by another party.
                • EditorReviewed - editor reviewed is the quality of a textual entity that has been examined and commented on by an editor.
                • Peer-reviewed - peer-reviewed is the quality of a textual entity that has been examined and commented by a peer expert reviewer.
        • ProcessQuality - A process quality is quality that is associated with a process.
          • ProcessStatus - process status is a process quality that describes the state of a process.
            • Aborted - aborted is a process status in which a started process will not complete as intended.
            • Completed - completed is that status of a process that successfully unfolds.
            • NotStarted - not started is the status of a process that is predicted to exist but has not yet begun.
              • Cancelled - cancelled is a process status in which the process, while planned to occur, will not occur.
              • Planned - planned is a process status for a process that has not yet started, but is referred to in a plan.
            • Ongoing - ongoing is the status of a process that is not yet complete.
            • Suspended - suspended is the status of a process that is no longer progressing towards completion.
      • RealizableEntity - A realizable entity is an attribute that is exhibited under some condition and is realized in some process.
        • Capability - A capability is a realizable entity whose basis lies in one or more parts or qualities and reflects possibility of an entity to behave in a specified way under certain conditions or in response to a certain stimulus (trigger).
          • Disposition - A disposition is the tendency of a capability to be exhibited under certain conditions or in response to a certain stimulus (trigger).
            • MutualDisposition - A mutual disposition is a disposition that simulataneously invokes another disposition when realized.
          • Dysfunction - dysfunction is a capability to act in a manner that is abnormal or opposite to the object's typical function.
          • Function - A function is a capability that satisfies some agentive objective, or (evolutionary) optimization.
          • ToBeInteractedWith - to be interacted with is the capability of an object to be target of a physical interaction.
            • ToBeActivelyInteractedWith - to be actively interacted with is the capability to be manipulated by some device or agent.
              • ToBeModified - to be modified is the capability to be actively interacted with in such a way that it leads to a physical reconfiguration.
                • ToBeCleaved - to be cleaved is the capability to be modified in a way that splits one part of the object from the other.
                • ToBeCombined - to be combined is the capability to be modified in a way that the object is merged with another object to form a new object or substance.
                  • ToBeAPartOf - to be a part of is the capability to be assembled into a larger structure that persists in time.
                • ToBeConformationallyChanged - to be conformationally changed is the capability to be modified in such a way that the object's conformation is changed.
                  • ToBeActivated - to be activated is the capability to be modified in such a way that the conformational change leads to an increase in another capability.
                  • ToBeInhibited - to be inhibited is the capability to be modified in such a way that the conformational change leads to an decrease in another capability.
                • ToBeCovalentlyModified - to be covalently modified is the capability of a chemical entity to have bonds added or removed
                  • ToGainACovalentBond - to gain a covalent bond is the capability of a chemical entity to have bonds added.
                  • ToLoseACovalentBond - to lose a covalent bond is the capability of a chemical entity to have bonds removed.
                • ToBeElectronicallyModified - to be electronically modified is the capability of a chemical entity to have electrons added or removed.
                  • ToGainAnElectron - to gain an electron is the capability of a chemical entity to receive an electron.
                  • ToLoseAnElectron - to lose an electron is the capability of a chemical entity to lose an electron.
              • ToBeTransported - to be transported is the disposition to undergo motion.
              • ToLuminesce - to luminesce is to emit light through cold body radiation
                • ToFluoresce - to fluoresce is to emit light as a result of absorbing light or other electromagnetic radiation.
            • ToBePassivelyInteractedWith - to be passively interacted with is the capability of an object to be observed.
              • ToBeObserved - to be observed is the capability of an object to be perceived.
                • ToBeExamined - to be examined is the capability of an object to be observed in a detailed manner.
                  • ToBeCompared - to be compared is the capability of an object to be examined in order to note the similarities or differences among a set of objects.
                • ToBeRecorded - to be recorded is the capability of an object to be observed in such a way that information about it can be transcribed in a specified format on some physical medium.
            • ToBeTranslocated - to be translocated is the capability to be physically displaced from one location to another
          • ToBreathe - to breathe is the capability to inhale and exhale air into the body during respiration.
          • ToInteractWith - to interact with is a capabililty that involves another object.
            • ToActivelyInteractWith - to actively interact with is the capability to interact with another entity in a way that requires physical contact.
              • ToAssemble - to assemble is the capability to combine entities together into a larger object that persists in time.
              • ToAssociate - to associate is the capability to physically interact with another object.
                • ToBindTo - to bind to is the capability to physically interact with another object through a set of non-covalent interactions.
              • ToConsume - to consume is the capability to internalize a material entity.
                • ToIngest - to ingest is the capability to take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption.
              • ToDecodeInformation - the ability to reverse an encoding operation
              • ToEncodeInformation - the capability to encode information in a different representation
              • ToInvestigate - to investigate is the capability to uncover facts.
                • ToIdentify - to identify is the capability to determine the identity of something.
                • ToMeasure - to measure is the capability to obtain information about some entity by examining its attributes in relation to some reference metric.
              • ToMaintainInformation - the capability to maintain information such that it can be retrieved in the future.
              • ToModify - to modify is the capability to change some entity.
                • ToChangeAppearance - to change appearance is the capability to change the visual attributes of an object.
                  • ToDemagnify - to demagnify is the capability to decrease the appearance of the size of an object.
                  • ToDistort - to distort is the capability to change the appearance of an entity by some transformation.
                  • ToMagnify - to magnify is the capability to increase the appearance of the size of an object.
                • ToChangeEnergetically - to change energetically is the capability to change the energetic aspects of an object.
                  • ToChangeTheActivationEnergy - to change the activation energy is to change the amount of energy required to form or break a chemical bond.
                    • ToIncreaseTheActivationEnergy - to increase the activation energy is to require a larger amount of energy in order to form or break a chemical bond.
                    • ToReduceTheActivationEnergy - to reduce the activation energy is to require a smaller amount of energy in order to form or break a chemical bond.
                  • ToModifyElectronically - to modify electronically is the capability to change the electronic properties of an object.
                    • ToIonize - to ionize is the capability to physically convert an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions.
                      • ToNegativelyCharge - to negatively charge is the capability to add an electron or negatively charged ion to a chemical entity.
                      • ToPositivelyCharge - to positively charge is the capability to remove an electron or add a positively charged ion to a chemical entity.
                    • ToModifyOxidationStateOf - to modify the oxidation state of is to change the number of electrons of a molecule, atom or ion.
                      • ToOxidize - to oxidize is the capability to remove an electron or an increase in oxidation state of a chemical entity.
                      • ToReduce - to reduce is the capability to add an electron or an decrease in oxidation state of a chemical entity.
                  • ToReduceEnergy - to reduce energy is the capability to remove energy from a source.
                    • ToCool - to cool is the capability to decrease the internal kinetic energy of a material.
                      • ToFreeze - to freeze is the capability to decrease the internal kinetic energy of a material such that it changes state from a gas or liquid to a solid.
                    • ToEmit - to emit is the capability to release some physical entity (light, pollution, etc).
                  • ToSupplyEnergy - to supply energy is the capability to transfer energy from a source to a sink.
                    • ToExcite - to excite is the capability to supply energy to a materila by bombarding it with energetic particles (e.g., photons).
                    • ToHeat - to heat is a capability to increase the internal kinetic energy of a material.
                      • ToBoil - to boil is the capability to increase the internal kinetic energy of a material such that it changes state from a solid or liquid to a gas.
                    • ToSupplyElectricity - to supply electricity is the capability to transfer electricity from a source to a sink.
                • ToChangeMaterially - to change appearance is the capability to change the material composition of an object.
                  • ToCauseDisease - to cause disease is the capability to materially change a biological object in that it functions abnormally.
                  • ToCombine - to combine is the capability to modify a set of objects in a way that the object is merged with another object to form a new object or substance.
                  • ToCovalentlyModify - to covalently modify is to materially change a molecule by adding or removing covalent bonds between atoms.
                    • ToAddACovalentBond - to add a covalent bond is the capability to covalently modify a chemical entity by adding a covalent bond.
                    • ToRemoveACovalentBond - to remove a covalent bond is the capability to covalently modify a chemical entity by removing a covalent bond.
                  • ToDisassemble - to disassemble is to physically separate the parts of an object.
                    • ToCleave - to cleave is to split or sever an object along a natural line or grain.
                • ToChangeSpatially - to change spatially is the capability to affect the physical movement of some entity.
                  • ToContain - to contain is the capability to bound or constrain a physical entity in some site.
                    • ToImmobilize - to immobilize is the capability to contain an entity in such a way that it may not move in space.
                • ToDisassociate - to disassociate is to cease or break association with some thing.
                • ToInject - to inject is the capability to administer a substance into some object through its external barrier.
                  • ToInfect - to infect is the capability to administer a disease-causing organism into some object.
                • ToModifyConformationOf - to modify conformation of is to affect the spatial arrangement of an entity.
                  • ToConformationallyActivate - to conformationally activate is to modify the conformation of an entity in such a way that it becomes activated or functional.
                  • ToConformationallyInhibit - to conformationally inhibit is to modify the conformation of an entity in such a way that it functionally is reduced or inhibited.
                • ToRegulate - to regulate is to control or maintain the rate or speed of an object or process.
                  • ToRegulateTheRateOfFormation - to regulate the rate of formation is to modify the rate at which an object is formed.
                    • ToDecreaseTheRateOfFormation - to decrease the rate of formation is to regulate the rate of formation in a manner that decreases this rate relative to a reference process.
                    • ToIncreaseTheRateOfFormation - to increase the rate of formation is to regulate the rate of formation in a manner that increases this rate relative to a reference process.
                • ToSeparate - to separate is the capability to i) distinguish some entities based on some attribute(s) and ii) subsequently physically displace them.
                  • ToExtract - to extract is the capability to remove certain entities based on selected attribute(s) while allowing other entities to remain.
                  • ToFilter - to filter is the capability to retain certain entities based on selected attribute(s) while allowing other entities to pass through.
              • ToProduce - to produce is the capability to create new objects
              • ToRecord - to record is the capability to detect and transcribe information in a specified format on some physical medium.
              • ToRetrieve - the capability to retrieve a (digitial/physical/mental) object from a location.
                • ToProvide - to provide is the capability to make available some object to another that requires it.
              • ToServeAs - to serve as is the capability to act in a manner corresponding to some role.
                • ToServeAsAHost - to serve as host is the capability to act in a manner that provides hospitality, serves to harbour an organism in or on itself.
                • ToServeAsAPrimerForDNASynthesis - to serve as a primer for DNA synthesis is the capability of a short nucleic acid to bind to the 5' end of single strand of DNA template and help initiate DNA replication.
                • ToServeAsATemplateForMolecularSynthesis - to serve as a template for molecular synthesis is the capability of a chemical entity to provide the necessary information or scaffold by which another molecule may be produced.
                  • ToServeAsATemplateForDNASynthesis - to serve as a template for DNA synthesis is the capability of a chemical entity to provide the necessary information or scaffold by which a DNA molecule may be produced.
                  • ToServeAsATemplateForProteinSynthesis - to serve as a template for protein synthesis is the capability of a chemical entity to provide the necessary information or scaffold by which a protein may be produced.
                  • ToServeAsATemplateForRNASynthesis - to serve as a template for RNA synthesis is the capability of a chemical entity to provide the necessary information or scaffold by which an RNA molecule may be produced.
              • ToStore - to store is the capability to place an object into a medium in which it can be retrieved in the future.
              • ToTransport - to transport is the capability to displace a material from one location to another.
            • ToPassivelyInteractWith - to passively interact with is the capability to interact with another entity in a way that does not require physical contact.
              • ToBeAMemberOf - to be a member of is the capability to be considered a part of a collection.
              • ToDescribe - to describe is the capabilty to communicate facts about an entity.
                • ToCharacterize - to characterize is the capability to classify the attributes or features of an entity against a reference classification.
              • ToObserve - to observe is the capability to watch attentively.
                • ToExamine - to examine is the capability to make detailed observation.
                  • ToCompare - to compare is the capability to examine in order to note the similarities or differences among a set of objects.
                  • ToTestAHypothesis - to test a hypothesis is the capability to evaluate the truth value of a proposition based on gathered evidence.
            • ToTranslocate - to translocate is the capability to displace oneself from one location to another.
        • Role - A role is a realizable entity that describes behaviours, rights and obligations of an entity in some particular circumstance.
          • AbstractRole - An abstract role is a role whose basis lies in spatial/temporal or comparative relations.
            • ComparativeRole - A comparative role is an abstract role which holds by comparing some attribute of another object of reference.
              • DuplicateRole - a duplicate role is a comparative role that holds when one item is an exact copy of another in a specific set.
              • ReplicateRole - a replicate role is a comparative role that holds when one item is a reproduction, facsimile, or a copy of another.
              • VariantRole - A variant role is a comparative role in which the value of an attribute differs when compared to another entity
                • SequenceVariantRole - A sequence variant role is a comparative role in which the composition of characters in a sequence differs when compared to another entity of similar type.
                  • DeletionVariantRole - A deletion variant role is the role of an sequence that lacks a sub-sequence relative to the frame of reference.
                  • InsertionVariantRole - An insertion variant role is the role of an sequence that contains a sub-sequence that is considered to be an addition relative to the frame of reference.
            • PositionalRole - A positional role is an abstract role which holds by comparing position to another object of reference.
          • ProcessualRole - A processual role is a role that can only be realized in a process.
            • ChemicalEntityRole - A chemical role is a processual role held by a chemical entity.
              • ChemicalSubstanceRole - A chemical substance role is a chemical entity role held by a chemical substance.
                • BufferRole - A buffer role is the role of a chemical substance which maintains a pH at a near constant value.
                • HostRole - The role of an organism in providing resources to maintain the survival and/or reproduction of another organism.
                • ReagentRole - A role of a chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction as part of some scientific investigation.
                • ToxicRole - A toxic role is the role of a chemical substance that is poisonous.
                  • PoisonRole - A poison role is the role of a substance that causes some negative disturbance in an organism.
                    • ToxinRole - A toxin role is a toxic role of a chemical substance that is poisonous and is produced by an organism.
              • MolecularEntityRole - A molecular entity role is a chemical entity role held by a molecule.
                • CofactorRole - The role of a chemical entity involved in the mechanism for enzyme-mediated catalysis.
                • ProductRole - The role of a chemical entity present at the end of a chemical reaction.
                • ReactantRole - The role of a chemical entity present at the beginning of a chemical reaction.
                  • MolecularTracerRole - A molecular tracer role is a reactant role of a molecular entity that serves as a marker for the presence, abundance, or location of a molecular target that it associates with.
                  • SubstrateRole - The role of a chemical entity that is modified in a chemical reaction.
                    • Co-enzymeRole - A co-factor role in which the chemical entity is modified during catalysis and must be regenerated.
                      • Co-substrateRole - A co-enzyme role of a chemical entity that is transiently associated, and is regenerated in a separate reaction.
                      • ProstheticGroupRole - A coenzyme role of a chemical entity that is covalently bonded to the enzyme.
                • RegulatorRole - The role of a chemical entity that modifies the rate of reaction.
                  • ActivatorRole - The role of a chemical entity that increases the rate of reaction.
                  • CatalyticRole - The role of a chemical participant that serves to increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activiation energy.
                  • InhibitorRole - The role of a chemical entity that reduces the rate of reaction.
            • InvestigationalRole - An investigational role is a role held by participants involved in an investigation.
              • EvaluationRole - An evaluation role is a processual role held by an entity during some evaluation.
                • ControlRole - A control role is the role of an individual that is part of a study, but is not subject to the intervention that is to be tested.
                • TestRole - A test role is the role of an individual that is a participant in the study and is the target of the intervention.
              • SubjectRole - A subject role is the role of an individual that is the target of the study.
          • SocialRole - A social role is a role that is ascribed to individuals in a community.
            • OccupationalRole - An occupational role is a social role that pertains to an organizational structure.
              • AcademicRole - An academic role is a social role that pertains to the academic institution.
                • DepartmentChairRole - A department chain role is the role of an individual that heads a department at a academic organization.
                • ProfessorRole - A professor role is the role of an individual that is involved in teaching of students (undergraduate and/or graduate) at a post-secondary academic institution.
                • StudentAdvisorRole - A student advisor role is the role of an individual employed at an academic organization that is involved in advising students.
                  • GraduateStudentAdvisorRole - A graduate student advisor role is the role of an individual employed at an academic organization that is involved in advising graduate students.
                  • UndergraduateStudentAdvisorRole - An undergraduate student advisor role is the role of an individual employed at an academic organization that is involved in advising undergraduate students.
                • StudentRole - A student role is the role of an individual that is enrolled in courses at an academic institution.
              • AdministrativeRole - An administrative role is the role of an individual that performs administrative tasks for some organization.
                • SecretaryRole - A secretary role is the role of an individual that performs administrative tasks to support one or more individuals of the same organization.
              • MedicalRole - A medical role is the role of an individual that is a participant in the delivery of medical care.
                • DentistRole - A dentist role is the role of an individual that that specializes in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the oral cavity.
                • DoctorRole - A doctor role is the role of an individual who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.
                • NurseRole - A nurse role is the role of an individual that is involved in the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.
                • PatientRole - A patient role is the role of an individual that is the recepient of medical care.
              • PublishingRole - A publishing role is the role of an individual that is involved in the preparation and issue of creative works for consumption by a wider audience.
                • AuthorRole - An author role is the role of an individual that creates a creative, written work.
                • PublisherRole - A publisher role is the role of an individual that prepares and issues creative works.
    • Object - An object is an entity that is wholly identifiable at any instant of time during which it exists.
      • InformationContentEntity - information content entity is an object that requires some background knowledge or procedure to correctly interpret.
        • ComputationalEntity - A computational entity is an information content entity operated on using some computational system.
          • Cellinformational - The minimal unit of a cellular automaton that can change state and has an associated behavior.
            • ReferencingCell - A referenceing cell is a cell of a cellular automata that refers to another cell.
            • ReferentCell - A referent cell is a cell that is the referent of some function or pointer.
            • UniqueCell - A unique cell is a cell that contains a unique value in the cellular automaton.
          • Column - A column is a vertical sequence of cells in a cellular automata.
            • DatabaseColumn - A database collumn is a column in a database table.
          • DataItem - A data item consists of information that has been collected/generated towards some purpose.
            • Dataset - A dataset is a data item that is a collection of data items.
              • VersionedDataset - a versioned dataset is a dataset with a particular release date or release number.
            • Metadata - metadata is data that provides information about data.
            • ScientificData - scientific data is data obtained from some scientific procedure.
              • BiologicalData - biological data is scientific data relevant to biology.
                • BioinformaticData - bioinformatic data is data genereated or used for computer-based investigations of biological phenomena.
                • GeneticData - genetic data is data pertaining to genetics.
                • MedicalData - medical data is data of interest to medicine.
              • ChemicalData - A chemical datum is a scientific data item which conforms to some specification, either for how it is calculated or for how it is measured, and is commonly used in the domain of chemistry to name and differentiate different numeric properties (both calculated and measured) which are about chemical entities.
          • Database - A database is a set of tables.
          • DatabaseEntry - A database entry is a single, implicitly structured data item in a table.
          • DatabaseKey - A database key is an informational entity whose value is constructed from one or more database columns.
            • ForeignDatabaseKey - A foreign database key is a database key that refers to a key in some table.
            • PrimaryDatabaseKey - A primary database key is a database key that identifies every row of a table.
          • DatabaseTable - A database table is a set of named columns with zero or more rows composed of cells that contain column values and is part of a database.
          • Namespace - A namespace is an informational entity that defines a logical container for a set of symbols or identifiers.
          • Ovopub - An ovopub is an information content entity that contains and links to one or more resources and/or statements, including those describing its provenance, and is itself a dereferenceable resource.
            • AssertionOvopub - An assertion ovopub is an ovopub that contains and links to an assertion subgraph with one or more statements that may be true or false, as well as statements describing its provenance.
            • CollectionOvopub - A collection ovopub is an ovopub that contains and links to one or more assertion subgraphs and/or ovopubs, as well as statements describing its provenance. It is used to share a specific set of items or restrict a search to the resources contained therein.
          • Row - A row represents a single, implicitly structured data item in a table.
            • DatabaseRow - A database row is a row that is part of a database table.
          • SoftwareEntity - A software entity is a computational entity that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit.
            • SoftwareApplication - A software application is software that can be directly executed by some processing unit.
              • SoftwareInterpreter - A software interpreter is a software application that executes some specified input software.
              • WebService - A web service is a software application that can be accessed over a network, such as the Internet, and executed on a remote system hosting the requested services.
                • RESTWebService - a REST web service is a web service that provides functionality according to the Representational State Transfer (REST) specification.
                • SOAPWebService - a SOAP web service is a web service that implements Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP).
                • SemanticWebService - a semantic web service is a web service that provides a formal, machine understanble description of its functionality.
                  • SADISemanticWebService - a SADI semantic web service is a semantic web service that follows the SADI specification
            • SoftwareLibrary - A software library is software composed of a collection of software modules and/or software methods in a form that can be statically or dynamically linked to some software application.
            • SoftwareMethod - A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task.
            • SoftwareModule - A software module is software composed of a collection of software methods.
            • SoftwareScript - A software script is software whose instructions can be executed using a software interpreter.
          • UserAccount - user account allows a user to authenticate to system services and be granted authorization to access them.
        • GeometricEntity - A geometric entity is an information content entity that pertains to the structure and topology of a space.
          • Curve - A curve is a geometric entity that may be located in n-dimensional spatial region whose extension may be n-dimensional, is composed of at least two fully connected points and does not intersect itself.
            • Arc - an arc is a closed segment of a differentiable curve.
            • CurveSegment - A curve segment is a part of a curve that consists of at least three points.
            • Line - A line is curve that extends in a single dimension (e.g. straight line; exhibits no curvature), and is composed of at least two fully connected points.
              • Edge - an edge is a line connecting two graph vertices.
              • InfiniteLine - An infinite line is a line that extends outwards in both directions of a single dimensional and is not bounded by terminal points.
              • LineSegment - A line segment is a line and a part of a curve that is (inclusively) bounded by two terminal points.
                • DirectedLineSegment - A directed line segment is a line segment that is contained by an ordered pair
                  • ArrowedLineSegment - An arrowed line is a directed line segment in which one or both endpoints is tangentially part of a triangle that bisects the line.
                    • DoubleArrowedLineSegment - A double arrowed line is an arrowed line in which both terminal points are tangentially part of different triangles that bisect the line.
                    • SingleArrowedLineSegment - A single arrowed line is directed line in which the endpoint is tangentially part of a triangle that bisects the line.
                  • Axis - An axis is a line segment that is part of a statistical graph in which the
                    • CategoryAxis - A category axis is an axis in which the position along the line is partioned into categories.
                      • PrimaryCategoryAxis - A primary category axis is a category axis that either defines the sole value range or holds the larger set of categorical values specified by the secondary category axis.
                      • SecondaryCategoryAxis - A secondary category axis is a category axis that defines a finer granular part (or subset) of the value range of the primary category axis.
                    • ValueAxis - A value axis is an axis in which the position along the line is partioned into numeric values.
                      • BottomValueAxis - A bottom value axis is a value axis that is spatially positioned to the bottom of the plot area.
                      • CartesianCoordinateAxis - A Cartesian coordinate axis is an axis whose behavior follows that of a Cartesian coordinate system.
                        • X-axis - An x-axis is a Cartesian coordinate axis that is aligned with the horizon.
                        • Y-axis - A y-axis is a Cartesian coordinate axis that is spatially oriented perpendicular to the x-axis.
                        • Z-axis - A z-axis is a Cartesian coordinate axis that is spatially oriented normal to the plane formed by the x- and y-axes.
                      • LeftValueAxis - A left value axis is a value axis that is spatially positioned to the left of the plot area.
                      • RightValueAxis - A right value axis is a value axis that is spatially positioned to the right of the plot area.
                      • ScaledValueAxis - A scaled value axis is a value axis in which the value range was subject to a mathematic transformation.
                        • LinearValueAxis - A linear value axis is a value axis that corresponds to a scaling factor of 1 of the value range.
                        • LogarithmicValueAxis - A logarithmic value axis is a scaled value axis that corresponds to a scaling factor of the logarithm of the value range.
                      • TopValueAxis - A top value axis is a value axis that is spatially positioned to the top of the plot area.
                • PolygonEdge - A polygon edge is a line segment joining two polygon vertices.
                • TickMark - A tick mark is a line segment that is spatially positioned perpendicular to the axis of a statistical graph and indicates the position of a specific numeric value (which may be indicated by an adjacent value label) on a value axis, or is one of a pair of tick marks that delineates the boundary of a categorical value (which may be indicated by an adjacent category label) on the categorical axis.
                  • MajorTickMark - A major tick mark is a tick mark that indicates the position of a specific numeric value and is adjacent to its value label on the value axis, or is one of a pair of tick marks that delineates the boundary of a categorical value indicated by an adjacent category label on the categorical axis.
                  • MinorTickMark - A minor tick mark is a tick mark that indicates the position of a specific numeric value but has no adjacent value label, or is one of a pair of tick marks that delineates the boundary of a categorical value but has no adjacent category label on the categorical axis.
              • PositionallyOrientedLine - A positionally oriented line is a line that is positioned against some axis of reference.
                • HorizontalLine - A horizontal line is a line that is positionally oriented with the horizon.
                • VerticalLine - A vertical line is a line that is positionally oriented perpendicular to the horizon.
              • Ray - A ray is a line which that is bounded by a startpoint and extends outwards infinitely along one dimension.
                • VectorLine - A vector line is a line which that is bounded by a startpoint and extends outwards along one dimension.
                  • SurfaceNormal - A surface normal is a vector that is perpendicular to a flat surface.
                  • VertexNormal - A vertext normal is the normalized average of the surface normals of the faces that contain that vertex.
              • StatisticalGraphLine - A statistical graph line is a line used in a statistical graph to communicate some trend or feature of the embedded data.
                • DropLine - A drop line is a statistical graph line that vertically or horizontally connects a data series line with a value axis in a statistical graph.
                • TrendLine - A trend line is a line, line segment or ray that is part of a statistical graph which indicates a statistical or visual direction across categorical or value data.
                  • DecreasingLine - An decreasing line is a line segment in which the startpoint and endpoint are ordered along one dimension and the difference of values in a second dimension is negative.
                  • IncreasingLine - An increasing line is a line segment in which the startpoint and endpoint are ordered along one dimension and the difference of values in a second dimension is positive.
                  • PlateauLine - An plateau line is a line segment in which the startpoint and endpoint are ordered along one dimension and the difference of values in a second dimension is zero.
          • Point - A point is a geometric entity that is located in a zero-dimensional spatial region and whose position is defined by its coordinates in some coordinate system.
            • 1DCartesianPoint - A 1D cartesian point is a point whose position is specified along a single dimension using Cartesian coordinates
            • 2DCartesianPoint - A 2D cartesian point is a point whose position is specified along two dimensions using Cartesian coordinates.
            • 3DCartesianPoint - A 3D cartesian point is a point whose position is specified along three dimensions using Cartesian coordinates.
            • DataPoint - A data point is a point that which corresponds to the projection of the values of measurement data against the axes of a statistical graph.
              • StationaryPoint - A stationary point is a point that is part of a curve in which the derivative at that point is zero, and hence its value is at least a local maximum or minimum.
                • LocalMaximumStationaryPoint - A local maximum stationary point is a point that has a higher value in some axis than adjacent points.
                  • GlobalMaximalStationaryPoint - A global maximum stationary point is a data point that corresponds to a measurement value is larger than that of all other plotted datapoints.
                • LocalMinimumStationaryPoint - A local minimum stationary point is a point that has a lower value in some axis than adjacent points.
                  • GlobalMinimalStationaryPoint - A global minimum data point is a data point that corresponds to a measurement value is smaller than that of all other plotted datapoints.
            • Node - a node or vertex is a point in a graph.
              • PolygonVertex - A polygon vertex is a terminal point at which two polygon edges meet and are part of a polygon.
            • TerminalPoint - A terminal point is a point that defines the finite extension of a line.
              • Endpoint - An endpoint is a terminal point that is the last of an ordered
              • StartPoint - A start point is a terminal point which is the first of an ordered
          • Polygon - A polygon is a planar entity that is bounded by a closed path or circuit, composed of a finite connected sequence3 of straight line segments.
            • Quadrilateral - A quadrilateral is a polygon with composed of four points and four line segments, in which each point is fully connected to two other points.
              • Rectangle - A rectangle is a quadrilateral in which one pair of line segments are parallel and the other pair are perpendicular to the first pair.
                • Bar - A bar is a rectangle that is located in the plot of a statistical graph in which its length is proportional to the values that it represents.
            • Triangle - A triangle is a polygon composed of three points and three line segments, in which each point is fully connected to another point along through the line segment.
          • PolygonalFace - A polygonal face is a polygon bounded by a circuit of polygon edges, and includes the flat (plane) region inside the boundary.
          • PolyhedralSkeleton - A polyhedral skeleton is a collection of polygon edges.
          • PolyhedralSurface - A polyhedral surface is composed of polygonal faces.
          • Polyline - A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments.
        • LanguageEntity - A language entity implements some language specification for the visual interpretation and is part of some document.
          • Character - A character is a language symbol used to construct words.
          • Description - A description is language entity in which elements of a language (formal or natural) are used to characterize an entity.
            • Annotation - An annotation is a written explanatory or critical description, or other in-context information (e.g., pattern, motif, link), that has been associated with data or other types of information.
            • Answer - An answer is a reply to a question.
            • Definition - A definition is a description that succintly characterizes an entity.
            • History - history is a sequence of past events.
              • EvolutionaryLineage - evolutionary lineage is a sequence of species, that form a line of descent, each new species the direct result of speciation from an immediate ancestral species.
              • FamilyHistory - family history is the systematic narrative and research of past events relating to a specific family, or specific families.
              • MedicalHistory - A medical history is a record of the events of a recipient of medical care.
            • Proposition - A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false.
              • Argument - An argument is a set of one or more declarative sentences (or propositions) known as the premises along with another declarative sentence (or proposition) known as the conclusion.
                • DeductiveArgument - A deductive argument is an argument that asserts that the truth of the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises.
                • InductiveArgument - An inductive argument is an argument that asserts that the truth of the conclusion is supported by the premises.
                • InvalidArgument - An invalid argument is an argument where the truth of the conclusion is false because it is not a logical consequence of the premises.
                • ValidArgument - A valid argument is an argument where the truth of the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises and (consequently) its corresponding conditional is a necessary truth.
                  • SoundArgument - A sound argument is a valid argument with true premises.
              • Belief - A belief is a proposition that is believed to be true.
                • Opinion - An opinion is a belief that is the result of emotion or interpretation of facts.
                  • DiagnosticOpinion - A diagnostic opinion is an opinion resulting from a medical diagnostic procedure.
                  • Speculation - speculation is an opinion based on incomplete evidence.
              • Comment - A comment is a verbal or written remark often related to an added piece of information, or an observation or statement.
              • Conclusion - A conclusion is a proposition which is reached after considering the evidence, arguments or premises.
                • Diagnosis - A diagnosis is the result of a medical investigation to identify a disorder from its signs and symptoms.
              • Evidence - None
              • Hypothesis - A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
              • Idea - An idea is a proposition about some object of conceptual thought.
              • Justification - A justification is a proposition that defends, explains or excuses some argument.
                • Reason - A reason is a justification that specifies the motive for an action or a determination.
                  • Purpose - purpose is the reason for which something is done or created or for which something exists.
              • Objective - An objective is a proposition that indicates a planned or anticipated outcome.
              • Premise - A premise is a proposition of an argument from which the conclusion is drawn.
              • Prognosis - A prognosis is a proposition about the likely course of a disease, the chance of recovery or recurrence.
              • Statement - A statement is a proposition that is either (a) a meaningful declarative sentence that is either true or false, or (b) that which a true or false declarative sentence asserts.
            • Specification - A specification is a description of the essential technical attributes/requirements for an object or procedure, and may be used to determine that the object / procedure meets its requirements/attributes.
              • ActionSpecification - An action specification is a specification composed of a sequence of instructions to achieve some objective.
                • ExperimentalProtocol - An experimental protocol is an action specification with respect to the design and implementation of experiments. In addition to providing a detailed set of procedures and lists of required equipment and instruments, experimental protocols often include information on safety precautions, the calculation of results and reporting standards, including statistical analysis and rules for predefining and documenting excluded data to avoid bias.
                  • StandardOperatingProcedure - A standard operating procedure is a specification approved for use in specific environments.
                  • StudyDesign - A study design is a protocol for the proper execution of a study which normally requires a carefullly crafted research question or hypothesis and at least one variable under observation and observed values for that variable.
                • Pathway - A pathway is an effective specification that outlines a set of actions that forms a way to achieve an objective.
                  • ChemicalReactionPathway - A chemical reaction pathway specifies a series of chemical reactions towards producing some chemical product.
                    • BiochemicalPathway - A biochemical pathway specifies a series of biochemical modifications and transformations towards achieving some biological outcome.
                      • MetabolicPathway - A metabolic pathway is a series of biochemical reactions that begins with one or more substrates and ends with one or more products.
                        • PharmacokineticPathway - a pharmacokinetic pathway is a metabolic pathway which describes the metabolism of a drug molecule.
                      • RegulatoryPathway - A regulatory pathway is a series of biochemical reactions that lead to the increase or decrease of activity of participating molecular components.
                        • PharmacodynamicPathway - a pharmacodynamic pathay is a regulatory pathway in which a drug molecule regulates the activity of one or more components organized in a pathway.
                    • ChemicalDegradationPathway - A chemical degradation pathway is a pathway involved in the disassembly of a chemical.
                    • ChemicalSynthesisPathway - A chemical synthesis pathway is a pathway involved in the assembly of a chemical.
                • Plan - A plan is a set of intended actions, through which one expects to achieve a goal.
                • Recipe - A recipe is a set of instructions that describe how to prepare or make something.
              • FunctionalSpecification - A functional specification is a specification that describes the characteristics of an object.
                • Design - A specification of an object, manifested by an agent, intended to accomplish goals, in a particular environment, using a set of primitive components, satisfying a set of requirements, subject to constraints.
                • DesignSpecification - A design specification is a specification that provides precise and explicit information about the requirements for a product design.
                  • Criterion - A criterion is a specification to describe properties used for evaluation.
                    • ExclusionCriterion - An exclusion criterion is a criterion that must be absent to satistify the objective.
                    • InclusionCriterion - An inclusion criterion is a criterion that must be present to satisfy some objective.
                • FormalSpecification - A formal specification is a mathematical description of software or hardware that may be used to develop an implementation.
                • Genotype - A genotype is a functional specification of a biological entity in terms of its genetic composition (or lack thereof).
                • MeasurementScale - A measurement scale is a functional specification that specifies an allowed range of categories or values.
                  • BinaryScale - A binary scale is a measurement scale that specifies a choice between two values.
                  • NomimalScale - A nominal scale of measurement only specifies a limited set of categories.
                  • NumericScale - A numeric scale of measurement is one that only specifies numeric values.
                    • DecimalScale - A decimal scale of measurement is one that only specifies decimal values.
                    • IntegerScale - An integer scale of measurement is one that only specifies integer values.
                • SpatialSpecification - A specification for spatial location is an effective specification towards representation spatial position or spatial data.
                  • CoordinateSystem - A coordinate system is a specification for spatial location that uses a set of numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of a point or other geometric element.
                    • CartesianCoordinateSystem - A Cartesian coordinate system specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from the point to two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length.
                    • CylindricalCoordinateSystem - A cylindrical coordinate system is a three-dimensional coordinate system that specifies point positions by the distance from a chosen reference axis, the direction from the axis relative to a chosen reference direction, and the distance from a chosen reference plane perpendicular to the axis.
                    • PolarCoordinateSystem - A polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction.
                    • SphericalCoordinateSystem - A spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional space where the position of a point is specified by three numbers: the radial distance of that point from a fixed origin, its polar angle measured from a fixed zenith direction, and the azimuth angle of its orthogonal projection on a reference plane that passes through the origin and is orthogonal to the zenith, measured from a fixed reference direction on that plane.
                • Structure - structure is the specification that refers to the composition and arrangement of parts of an object.
                  • ChemicalStructure - chemical structure is the structure of a chemical entity in terms of its molecular geometry and electronic structure.
                    • ElectronicStructure - electronic structure is the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.
                    • MolecularStructure - molecular structure is the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together.
                      • CrystalStructure - A crystal structure is the arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid.
              • Notation - None
              • Standard - A standard is a socially-agreed upon specification.
            • Syndrome - A syndrome is composed of a set of several clinically recognizable features, signs (observed by someone other than the patient), symptoms (reported by the patient), phenomena or characteristics that often occur together.
          • Language - Language is a language entity which is the result of encoding and decoding information through systematic creation and usage of systems of symbols, each pairing a specific sign with an intended meaning, established through social conventions
            • SignLanguage - A sign language (also signed language) is a language that involves manual communication and body language to convey meaning. This can involve simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speaker's thoughts.
            • VerbalLanguage - A verbal language is a language that uses sounds to communicate.
            • WrittenLanguage - written language is a language that is communicated through a writing system.
          • Morpheme - A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language.
          • Phrase - A phrase is a group of words functioning as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.
            • Sentence - A sentence is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it.
              • Clause - A clause consists of a subject and a predicate.
              • Question - A question is a linguistic expression used to make a request for information.
          • Term - A term is a word or phrase used to denote one or more entities.
            • Concept - A concept is term that refers to a generalization of a set of attributes or entities.
              • Category - A category is a class of entities having particular shared characteristics.
            • Descriptor - A descriptor (index term, subject term, subject heading) is a term that captures the essence of the topic of a document.
              • Keyword - A keyword is a descriptor in which the association of the word with the entity facilitates information retrieval.
            • Label - a label is a term that is associated with some entity
              • Identifier - An identifier is a label that specifically refers to (identifies) an entity (instance/type).
                • InformationalEntityIdentifier - An informational entity identifier is an identifier for an informational entity.
                  • EmailAddress - an email address is an identifier to send mail to particular electronic mailbox.
                  • IPNumber - an IP number is an number to connect to a device on the internet.
                  • RecordIdentifier - A record identifier is an identifier for a database entry.
                  • SoftwareProcessIdentifier - A software process identifier is an identifier for a software process in some operating system.
                  • TelephoneNumber - a telephone number is an identifier used to connect to a physical device capable of transfering voice or data over a network.
                    • CellularPhoneNumber - a cellular phone number is a number to connect to a mobile device
                    • FaxNumber - a fax number is a number to connect to fax device
                    • HomePhoneNumber - a home phone number is the number to connect to an phone at a place of residence.
                    • WorkPhoneNumber - a work phone number is the number to connect to an phone at a place of work.
                  • URL - A Uniform Resource Locator or Universal Resource Locator (URL) is a specific character string that constitutes a reference to an Internet resource.
                • PhysicalEntityIdentifier - A physical entity identifier is an identifier for a physical entity.
                  • ChemicalIdentifier - A chemical identifier is an identifier for a chemical entity
                    • MolecularIdentifier - A molecular identifier is an identifier for a molecular entity.
                      • MicroarrayProbeSetIdentifier - A microarray probe set identifier is an identifier for a set of probe pairs selected to represent expressed sequences on an array.
                      • PDBChainIdentifier - A PDB chain identifier is a alphabetical label to identify a molecule in a structure provided by the Protein DataBank .
                • PositionalIdentifier - A positional description is a description of location using some system or frame of reference.
                  • Address - An address is a position that indicates the physical location of some entity using a social convention.
                  • ApartmentNumber - An apartment number is the number assigned to identify an apartment in a building of apartments.
                  • StreetName - A street name is the token given to identify a particular street.
                • UniqueIdentifier - A unique identifier is an identifier that uniquely identifies some thing.
                • VersionLabel - A version label is a label for a particular form or variation of an earlier or original type.
                  • DocumentVersion - A document version is a version of a work in some sequence of derivative works.
                  • SoftwareVersionLabel - A software version label is a version label for a piece of software.
                    • MajorVersionNumber - A major version number is a version of a software that exhibits a significant change in functionalilty from a prior version.
                    • MinorVersionNumber - A minor version number is a version of a software that exhibits minor features or significant fix from a prior version.
                    • RevisionNumber - A revision number is a version of a software in which bugs have been fixed from a prior version.
              • LanguageLabel - A language label is a label that denotes the language of a textual entity.
              • Name - A name is a label used to identify an entity.
                • BrandName - A brand name is a trademarked and marketed name of a product.
                • CommonName - A common name is a name that is commonly used.
                • FirstName - A first name is a name that denotes a specific individual between members of a group of individuals, whose members usually share the same surname.
                • GenericName - A generic name is the preferred name provided by manufacturer.
                • LastName - A last name (surname) is a name added to a given name and is part of a personal name and is often the family name.
                • MiddleName - a middle name is a name assigned to an individual that is not the first or last name.
                  • MiddleInitial - a middle initial is an abbreviated middle name.
                • PersonalName - A personal name is a name to identify an individual person and usually comprises of a first name and a last name.
                  • LegalName - A legal name is a name given at birth, or which appears on their birth certificate, marriage certificate, or change of name certificate.
                • PreferredName - A preferred name is the name that is generally used by some organization.
                • ScientificName - A scientific name is a name given through scientific nomenclature.
              • NamespaceLabel - A namespace label is a short name for a namespace.
              • NumericLabel - A numeric label is a number used as a label.
              • Title - A title is a textual entity that summarily describes some entity.
                • DocumentTitle - A document title is a textual entity that summarizes the topic of the document in one sentence.
                • GraphTitle - A graph title is a title that describes a graph.
                • PrimaryTitle - A primary title is a title that should be first used in describing some entity.
                  • PrimaryGraphTitle - A primary graph title is a primary title that describes a statistical graph.
                  • SecondaryGraphTitle - A secondary graph title is a secondary title that describes a statistical graph.
                • SecondaryTitle - A secondary title is a title of lesser importance that should be used after the first title in describing some entity.
            • TermVariant - A term variant is a term that is a variant of another term.
              • Antonym - An antonym is a word with opposite or nearly opposite meaning.
              • Homonym - A homonym is a word that sounds the same but has different meaning.
              • Hypernym - A hypernym is a term with a broader meaning.
              • Hyponym - A hyponym is a term with a narrower meaning.
              • Synonym - A synonym is a word with the same or very similar meanings.
          • TextualEntity - A textual entity is language entity that is manifested as a sequence of one or more distinct characters.
            • Document - A document is a bounded physical or digital representation of a body of information designed with the capacity (and usually intent) to communicate.
              • Booklet - A booklet is a document that lacks a named publisher or sponsoring institution.
              • Diary - A diary is a document which describes day-to-day experiences.
              • Email - Email message is a digital document that is composed of a header and a body and is transmitted using the SMTP protocol.
              • LegalDocument - A legal document is a formally executed written document that can be formally attributed to its author, records and formally expresses a legally enforceable act, process, or contractual duty, obligation, or right, and therefore evidences that act, process, or agreement.
                • Bill - A bill is proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature.
                • Brief - A brief is a written legal document used in various legal adversarial systems that is presented to a court arguing why one party to a particular case should prevail.
                • Legislation - A legal document proposing or enacting a law or a group of laws.
                • Patent - A patent is an information entity granted by a patent issuing authority which confers upon the patenter the sole right to make, use and sell an invention for a set period of time.
                • Statute - A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state, city or country.
              • Letter - A letter is a document that contains a personal communication from one part to another.
              • Manuscript - A manuscript is a document prior to publication.
              • Note - A note is a brief document.
              • OntologyDocument - An ontology document is a document that contains an ontology.
                • OBOOntology - An OBO ontology is an ontology document as specified by the Open Biological Ontology community.
                • OWLOntology - An OWL ontology is an ontology as specified by the W3C OWL specification.
                • RDFSOntology - An RDFS ontology is an ontology that conforms to the syntax and semantics of the Resource Description Framework Schema (RDFS).
              • Publication - A publication is a document that has been made available by a publisher.
                • Article - An article is a publication that is stand-alone section of a larger work.
                  • PeerReviewedArticle - A peer reviewed article is an article that has undergone peer-review and deemed acceptable for publication.
                • Blog - A blog is a publication accessible at some website and is typically about various experiences.
                • Book - A book is a publication composed of a large number of entries.
                  • BookVolume - A book volume is a book that is part of a collection.
                  • ConferenceProceedings - A conference proceedings is a book composed of papers presented at a conference.
                • EditedPublication - An edited publication is a publication that has been examined and potentially changed by an editor.
                  • Issue - An issue is a single instance of a periodically published journal, magazine, or newspaper.
                • Manual - A manual is a document that instructs on the usage of a device.
                • Novel - A novel is a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action with some degree of realism.
                • TechnicalReport - A technical report is a publication published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series.
                • ThesisDocument - A thesis document is the written research component of a post-secondary institution that contains a statement supported by arguments.
                  • Honor%27sThesis - An honor's thesis is a thesis prepared as a requirement for an honor's undergraduate degree.
                  • Master%27sThesis - A Master's thesis is a thesis prepared as a requirement for a Master's degree.
                  • PhdThesis - A PhD thesis is a thesis prepared as a requirement for a doctoral degree.
              • Record - A record is a document containing a collection of statements about some entity.
                • MedicalHealthRecord - A medical health record is a record of a single patient's medical history.
                • VersionedRecord - A versioned record is a record for which there exists another variant based that was derived via modification of the facts.
              • Report - A report is a textual document made that present focused, salient content to a specific audience.
                • MedicalReport - A medical report is a report prepared by a health care practioner about test outcomes or health status of an individual.
              • WebPage - A web page is a document that is published according to World Wide Web standards.
            • DocumentComponent - A bibliographic attribute is an attribute related to publications.
              • Citation - A citation is a textual entity which denotes a source described in the bibliography or reference section of a document.
              • DocumentSection - A document section is a component of a document.
                • AbstractSection - An abstract section is a document section that provides brief summary of a document that explains the main argument(s), topic(s) or findings.
                • AcknowledgementsSection - An acknowledgements section is a document section that identifies individuals, groups or organizations for their support in the development of the work.
                • AuthorContributionSection - An author contribution section is a document section that describes the contribution of the authors.
                • AuthorSection - An author section is a document section that lists the contributing authors.
                • BibliographySection - A bibliography section is a document section that is composed of a list of references used in the development of the work.
                • BookSection - None
                • Chapter - A chapter is a document section of a book or thesis.
                • CopyrightSection - A copyright section is a document section that contains a notice of copyright.
                • CorrespondenceSection - A correspondence section is a document section that contains the details for contacting the corresponding author.
                • DiscussionSection - The discussion section is a document section containing a summary of the findings, a reflection on the significance of findings, comparison with related work, among others.
                • IntroductionSection - An introduction section is a document section that generally provides background, motivation and goals of the work.
                • MaterialsAndMethodsSection - The materials and methods section is a document section containing a description of the materials and methods used in the study.
                • MaterialsSection - The materials section is a document section containing a description of the materials used in the study.
                • MethodsSection - The methods section is a document section containing a description of the methods used in the study.
                • ResultsSection - The results section is a document section describing the main findings of the study.
                • TableOfContents - The table of contents is a document section that lists all sections (and optionally subsections) in a sequential order along with their page number.
              • Reference - A reference is a textual entity that describes a single source used in the preparation or development of the work.
            • Excerpt - An excerpt is a contiguous or discontiguous portion of a document.
              • Quote - A quote is a excerpt that is attributed to a particular source.
            • Paragraph - A paragraph is a self-contained unit of written discourse consisting of one or more sentences.
            • TextSpan - A text span is a subset of contiguous sequence of characters of a textual entity.
          • VerbalLanguageEntity - A verbal language entity is a language entity that is manifested through sound.
            • Consonant - A consonant is a verbal entity of language that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract.
            • Syllable - A syllable is a verbal entity of language having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word.
            • Vowel - A vowel is a verbal entity of language that is pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis.
          • VisualLanguageEntity - A visual language entity is a language entity that is manifested within the spectrum of light and can be pereceived and processed by a visual system.
          • Word - A word is the smallest free form (an item that may be expressed in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content) in a language.
        • MathematicalEntity - A mathematical entity is an information content entity that are components of a mathematical system or can be defined in mathematical terms.
          • Algorithm - An algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite list of well-defined instructions for calculating a function.
            • Workflow - A workflow is an algorithm that is is a depiction of a sequence of operations to achieve one or more objectives.
          • Association - An assocation is a relationship between two or more entities derived by some informational analysis.
          • Equation - An equation is a mathematical statement that asserts the equality of two expressions.
            • DifferentialEquation - A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several variables that relates the values of the function itself and its derivatives of various orders.
              • OrdinaryDifferentialEquation - An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation in which the unknown function (also known as the dependent variable) is a function of a single independent variable.
              • PartialDifferentialEquation - A partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation in which the unknown function is a function of multiple independent variables and the equation involves its partial derivatives.
            • MovementEquation - A movement equation describes the displacement of an object in space over time.
              • DiffusionEquation - A diffusion equation describes density fluctuations in a material undergoing diffusion.
          • Interval - an interval is a set of real numbers with the property that any number that lies between two numbers in the set is also included in the set.
            • LeftClosedInterval - a left closed interval is an interval in which there is a real number that is smaller than all its elements.
              • ClosedInterval - A closed interval is an interval that includes its endpoints, and is denoted with square brackets.
            • LeftOpenInterval - a left open interval is an interval in which there is no element that is smaller than all other elements.
              • OpenInterval - an open interval is an interval that does not include its endpoints.
            • PageRange - A page range denotes the start and end page in some document.
            • RightClosedInterval - a right closed interval is an interval in which there is a real number that is larger than all of its elements.
            • RightOpenInterval - a right open interval is an interval in which there is no element that is greater than all other elements.
          • LogicalOperator - A logical operator is a unary or binary relation to construct logical expressions.
            • Conjunctionand - AND is a logical operator that has the value true if both of its operands are true, otherwise a value of false.
            • Disjunctionor - OR is a logical operator that results in true whenever one or more of its operands are true.
              • ExclusiveDisjunctionxor - XOR, also called exclusive disjunction or (symbolized XOR, EOR, EXOR, or ⊕), is a type of logical disjunction on two operands that results in a value of true if exactly one of the operands has a value of true.
            • Implies-%3E - Implication is a logical operator that holds between a set T of propositions and a proposition B, when every model (or interpretation or valuation) of T is also a model of B.
            • Negationnot - NOT is a logical operator in that has the value true if its operand is false.
          • Pattern - A pattern is a generalized representation of some repeatable concrete or informational item.
            • SequenceMotif - A sequence motif is a pattern of nucleotides in a DNA sequence or amino acids in a protein.
            • SequenceProfile - A sequence profile is provides the preference for a character at each position of an abstracted sequence.
            • StructuralMotif - A structural motif is a pattern in a structure formed by a spatial arrangement of objects (e.g. atoms).
          • Set - A set is a collection of entities, for which there may be zero members.
            • Class - A class is a collection of sets which can be unambiguously defined by a property that all its members share.
            • Collection - A collection is a set for which there exists at least one member, although any member need not to exist at any point in the collection's existence.
              • ACollectionOfDuplicates - a collection of duplicates is a collection composed of items that are an exact copy of other items in the collection.
              • ACollectionOfReplicates - a collection of replicates is a collection composed of items that are a facsimile, reproduction, or copy of other items in the collection.
              • Catalog - A catalog is a systemic collection of items of the same type.
              • CollectionOf3dMolecularStructureModels - A collection of 3D molecular structure models is just that.
              • CollectionOfDocuments - A collection of documents is a non-zero set of documents.
                • BookSeries - A book series is a collection of books that have been sequentially published.
                • Periodical - A periodical is a publication that appears on a regular schedule.
                  • Journal - A journal is a a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.
                  • Magazine - A magazine is a periodical that typically contains essays, stories, poems, etc., by many writers, and often photographs and drawings, frequently specializing in a particular subject or area, as hobbies, news, or sports.
                  • Newspaper - A newspaper is a periodical publication containing news regarding current events, informative articles, diverse features, editorials, and advertising.
                • Website - A website is a collection of documents published on the World Wide Web.
              • CollectionOfPoints - A collection of points is a geometric entity that contains a non-zero set of geometric points.
              • ProteinFamily - None
              • SequenceAlignment - A sequence alignment is the character-based alignment of sequences using some method.
              • UnigeneCluster - None
            • EmptySet - An empty set is a set for which there are exactly 0 members.
            • List - A list is any enumeration of a set of items.
              • DataSeries - A data series is a data set composed of related values displayed in a statistical graph.
              • Intersection - An intersection is a list of only the values of an attribute for the entities in the defined set where all entities have that value.
              • OrderedList - an ordered list is a list in which items are sequentially ordered.
              • Sequence - A sequence is an ordered list of entities. Like a set, it contains members (also called elements, or terms).
              • Union - A union is a list of all of the values of an attribute for the entities in the defined set.
          • SetItem - set item is an item in a set.
            • CollectionItem - a collection item is an item in a collection.
              • Duplicate - a duplicate is an object that is an exact copy of another item
              • Replicate - a replicate is an object that is a facsimile, reproduction, or copy of another item.
            • ListItem - a list item is an item in a list.
          • Tensor - a tensor is a n-dimensional array.
            • RankNonzeroTensor - a rank nonzero tensor is a tensor with a rank greater than zero.
              • Matrix - a matrix is a rank 2 tensor. It is represented as a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns.
              • Vector - a vector is a rank 1 tensor that is described by n-dimension of scalars.
            • Scalar - a scalar is a rank 0 tensor and is an element of a field that is used to define a vector space.
              • Number - A number is a tensor of rank 0.
                • MeasurementValue - A measurement value is a quantitative description that reflects the magnitude of some attribute.
                  • Position - A measurement of a spatial location relative to a frame of reference or other objects.
                    • Altitude - Altitude is a distance above sea level.
                    • CenterOfMass - The center of mass (aka barycenter) is the weighted average location of all the mass in a body or group of bodies.
                    • Coordinate - A coordinate is a measurement of position in n-dimensional space.
                      • CartesianCoordinate - A Cartesian coordinate is the signed distance of a point to some referent line.
                        • 3DCartesianCoordinate - A 3D cartesian coordinate is a coordinate that is composed of an x, y and z coordinate.
                        • XCartesianCoordinate - An x cartesian coordinate is the coordinate of an object onto the x-axis of a cartesian coordinate system.
                        • YCartesianCoordinate - An y cartesian coordinate is the coordinate of an object onto the y-axis of a cartesian coordinate system.
                        • ZCartesianCoordinate - A z cartesian coordinate is the coordinate of an object onto the z-axis of a cartesian coordinate system.
                      • PolarCoordinate - A polar coordinate is a position characterized by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction.
                    • GeographicPosition - A geographic position is the coordinate of an entity against some geographic coordinate system.
                      • Latitude - Latitude is a geographic coordinate which refers to the angle from a point on the Earth's surface to the equatorial plane
                      • Longitude - Longitude is a geographic position that refers to the angle east or west of a reference meridian between the two geographical poles to another meridian that passes through an arbitrary point.
                      • PostalCode - A postal code is a geographic coordinate composed of a series of letters and/or digits appended to a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.
                    • LinearPosition - A linear position is the position of some object against a linear positioning system.
                      • EndPosition - An end position is the distal position of an object relative to an origin in a linear system.
                        • SequenceEndPosition - A sequence end position is the position of the last character in a sequence of characters relative to some linear frame of reference.
                        • TextSpanEndPosition - text span end position is the position (offset) of the last character of a text span in relation the text it is from.
                          • WordEndPosition - word end position is the position of the last character in a word as an offset from the first character of the text in which it is found.
                      • OrdinalPosition - A ordinal position is a number that designates the position of an entity from the first entity in an ordered sequence of entities.
                        • CharacterPosition - The ordinal position of a character in a sequence of characters.
                        • ProcessNumber - process number is a number associated with a process that denotes its ordinal position in a set of processes.
                      • SequenceElementPosition - A sequence element position is the position of an element of a linear sequence.
                      • StartPosition - A start position is the proximal position of an object relative to an origin in a linear system.
                        • TextSpanStartPosition - text span start position is the position (offset) of the first character of a text span in relation the text it is from.
                          • WordStartPosition - The position of the first character in a word as an offset from the first character of the text in which it is found.
                    • Orientation - orientation is an angle between the bearer and an axis, or the angle between the bearer and another object.
                  • Quantity - A quantity is an informational entity that gives the magnitude of a property.
                    • CentralityMeasure - A central tendency measure is a central value or a typical value for a probability distribution.
                      • Mean - A mean is the central tendency of a collection of numbers taken as the sum of the numbers divided by the size of the collection.
                      • Median - A median is the numerical value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.
                      • Mode - A mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data.
                    • DimensionalQuantity - A dimensional quantity is a quantity that has an associated unit.
                      • Age - age is the length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed.
                      • Dose - A dose is the quantity of a chemical substance administered to a biological system.
                        • EffectiveDose - effective dose is the amount of a substance required to produce an effect on a predefined percentage of a population.
                      • GeneExpressionValue - A gene expression value is a measured value obtained from a gene expression experiment.
                      • ProteinExpressionValue - A protein expression value is a quantity obtained from a protein expression experiment.
                      • RateOfChange - The amount of change accumulated per unit time.
                        • Frequency - Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time
                        • Speed - Speed is the rate of change of an object's position.
                          • Velocity - The rate of change of an object's position and the direction of that change
                      • SpatialQuantity - A spatial quantity is a quantity obtained from measuring the spatial extent of an entity
                        • 1DExtentQuantity - A quantity that extends in single dimension.
                          • Depth - depth is the dimensional extent into a plane of a 3D projection of the object.
                            • Thickness - thickness is the shortest dimensional extent of a 3D projection of an object.
                          • Height - height is the one dimensional extent along the vertical projection of a 3D object from a base plane of reference.
                          • Length - length is the longer dimensional extent along a 2D projection of the object.
                          • Width - width is the shorter dimensional extent perpendicular to a 2D projection of the object.
                        • 2DExtentQuantity - A quantity that extends in two dimensions.
                          • Area - area is a quantity that pertains to the extent of a two-dimensional surface or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane.
                            • SurfaceArea - The surface area of a is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies.
                          • LengthOfPerimeter - A perimeter is a length of the outline that surrounds a two-dimensional shape.
                            • Circumference - circumference is the length of the outline of a circle or ellipse. it is defined as c = 2pir, where r is the radius.
                        • 3DExtentQuantity - A quantity that extends in three dimensions.
                          • Concentration - concentration is the amount of substance per unit volume of a solution
                          • Density - Density (volumetric mass density) is the quantity of mass per unit volume of a substance.
                          • Volume - volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary.
                        • Mass - mass is the quality of the amount of substance.
                      • TimeMeasurement - time measurement is a measurement value of the duration of some interval of time or a particular instant of time (against some frame of reference).
                        • TimeInstant - A time instant is a temporal region which occurs instantaneously, e.g. having no duration.
                          • DateOfDatabaseSubmission - A date of database submission refers to the moment in time in which some information was submitted/received to a database system.
                          • DateOfIssue - the date at which an information content entity was made public.
                          • EndDate - An end date is a time instant pertaining to date of the end of a process.
                          • EndTime - An end time is a time instant pertaining to the time at which a process ends.
                          • StartDate - A start date is a time instant pertaining to the date of the beginning of a process.
                          • StartTime - A start time is a time instant pertaining to the time at which a process begins.
                        • TimeInterval - A time internval is a contiguous temporal region having some duration.
                          • Century - A century is a period of one hundred years.
                          • Day - A day is a period of 24 hours.
                          • Hour - An hour is a period of 60 minutes.
                          • Millennium - A millenium is a period of 1000 years
                          • Minute - A minute is a period of 60 seconds.
                          • Month - A month is a period of time that divides the year.
                          • Second - A second (symbol: s) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) and is the second division of the hour by sixty, the first division by 60 being the minute.
                          • Week - A week is a period of 7 consecutive days.
                          • Year - A year is a period of time taken by a planet to make one revolution around the sun.
                    • DimensionlessQuantity - A dimensionless quantity is a quantity that has no associated unit.
                      • Count - The number of elements of a finite set of objects.
                        • CopyNumberVariation - copy number variation refers to the number of deletions/duplications of a DNA region as compared to some reference state.
                        • DifferenceInNumberOfObjectsProduced - A difference in number of objects produced is a count of the number of objects produced with respect to a second variable (space, time, etc)
                        • EditionNumber - An edition number is count of a literary work edited and published, as by a certain editor or in a certain manner including being printed during some interval of time.
                        • GenerationNumber - generation number is a count of the number of biological reproduction events elapsed from some starting reference point.
                        • MemberCount - A count of the instances of a class or members in a collection.
                        • NumberOfObjectsConsumed - number of objects consumed is a count of objects that were consumed in some process.
                        • NumberOfObjectsProduced - number of objects produced is a count of objects that were produced in some process.
                        • PageNumber - A page number is the count of a page in a sequence of pages.
                        • PageTotal - A page total is a textual entity that is about the number of pages in some informational entity.
                        • VolumeNumber - volume number is a count of a sequence of periodicals.
                      • PH - pH is a measure of the activity of the (solvated) hydrogen ion.
                      • ProbabilityMeasure - A probability measure is quantity of how likely it is that some event will occur.
                        • ExpectedValue - An expected value (or e-value) is the weighted average of all possible values that a random variable can take on.
                        • ProbabilityValue - A p-value or probability value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true
                        • StandardScore - A standard score is the (signed) number of standard deviations an observation or datum is above the mean.
                      • Quantile - A quantile is a quantity that divides the range of a probability distribution into continuous intervals with equal probabilities, or dividing the observations in a sample in the same way.
                        • Percentile - A percentile (or a centile) is a quantile that divides the given probability distribution, or sample, into 100 equal-sized intervals.
                      • Ratio - A ratio is a relationship between two numbers of the same kind expressed arithmetically as a dimensionless quotient of the two which explicitly indicates how many times the first number contains the second.
                        • AspectRatio - The aspect ratio of a geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions.
                        • DifferentialGeneExpressionRatio - A differential gene expression ratio is the ratio of gene expression values from a test sample compared to a control sample.
                        • DisGeNETDiseaseSpecificity - DisGeNET Disease specificity is a measure of disease coverage. It is calculated from the negative base 2 log of the ratio of number of diseases associated to the total number of diseases.
                        • DisGeNETPleiotropyIndex - The DisGeNET pleiotropy index is a measure of specificity as it pertains to classes of disease. The disease pleotropy index is computed from the ratio of the number of disease classes associated with an entity over the total number of disease classes multplied by 100.
                        • Percentage - A percentage is a number that is a ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is denoted using the percent sign "%".
                        • Slope - A slope or gradient of a line describes its steepness, incline, or grade. A higher slope value indicates a steeper incline. Slope is normally described by the ratio of the "rise" divided by the "run" between two points on a line.
                        • SpecificGravity - Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume.
                        • T-statistic - A t-statistic is a ratio of the departure of an estimated parameter from its notional value and its standard error.
                    • Likelihood - Likelihood is the hypothetical probability that an event that has already occurred would yield a specific outcome.
                      • LogLikelihood - Log likelihood is the natural logarithm of the likelihood function
                    • MaximalValue - A maximal value is largest value of an attribute for the entities in the defined set.
                    • MinimalValue - A minimal value is smallest value of an attribute for the entities in the defined set.
                    • StandardDeviation - A standard deviation (represented by the symbol σ) is the quantity of variation from the average (mean, or expected value).
                    • Sum - A sum is the result of adding a set of values together.
                    • UncertaintyValue - The uncertainty value (margin of error) of a measurement is a range of values likely to enclose the true value.
                    • UnitOfMeasurement - A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention and/or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity.
          • Variable - A variable is a value that may change within the scope of a given problem or set of operations.
            • ControlVariable - A control variable that is believed to alter the dependent or independent variables, but may not actually be the focus of the experiment. So that variable will be kept constant or monitored to try to minimise its effect on the experiment.
            • DependentVariable - A dependent variable is one whose value changes as a consequence of changes in other values in the system.
            • IndependentVariable - An independent variable is a variable that may take on different values independent of other elements in a system.
              • Parameter - A parameter is variable whose value changes the characteristics of a system or a function.
                • DefaultParameter - A default parameter is a parameter which has a default value.
          • VectorSpace - a vector space is a set of vectors.
        • Media - media are audo/visual/audiovisual modes of communicating information for mass consumption.
          • AudioRecording - An audio recording is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects.
          • Figure - A figure is a graphical entity which consists of a visual (n-dimentional) arrangement of information entities.
            • Chart - A chart is a figure that displays the relationship among tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structures.
              • BubbleChart - A bubble chart contains circles whose area corresponds to a value.
              • Flowchart - A flowchart is a diagram that represents an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows.
              • GanttChart - A Gantt chart is a bar chart that illustrates a project schedule.
              • Heatmap - A heatmap is a graphical representation of data where the individual values contained in a matrix are represented as colors.
                • GeographicHeatmap - A geographic heatmap is a graphical representation of data over a geographic region where individual values are represented as colors.
              • Histogram - A histogram is a graphical representation of data which consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, over discrete intervals (bins) , with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval.
                • BlockHistogram - A block histogram contains an x-axis that is divided into bins which correspond to value ranges. Each item in the data set is drawn as a rectangular block, and the blocks are piled into the bins to show how many values in each range.
              • Map - A map is a a visual representation of an area that depicts the relationship between elements of that space.
              • MatrixChart - A matrix chart summarizes a multidimensional data set in a grid.
              • MereologicalChart - A mereological chart is a chart that illustrates the parts in the context of the whole.
                • PieChart - A pie chart is a circular chart divided into sectors each of whose length is proportional to the quantity it represents.
                • Treemap - A treemap is a chart that fully partitions the area into a set of rectangles whose area represents its relative value.
              • NetworkDiagram - A network diagram consists of a set of vertices connected by edges.
                • DirectedAcyclicGraph - a directed acyclic graph or DAG is a network digram that contains directed edges in which nodes may have multiple parents, but there are no cycles.
                  • TreeDiagram - A tree diagram is a hierarchical network diagram in which a root vertex is connected to one or more other vertices through a directed edge, which in turn may be connected to other vertices.
                    • Dendrogram - A dendrogram is a tree diagram used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by hierarchical clustering.
              • StatisticalGraph - A statistical graph is a figure that displays the relationship among numeric data and/or mathematical functions.
                • BarGraph - A bar graph is a statistical graph with rectangular bars of lengths proportional to that value that they represent.
                  • HorizontalBarGraph - A horizontal bar graph is a bar graph in which the rectangular bars are horizontally oriented in space.
                  • StackedBarGraph - A stacked bar graph is a bar graph in which each rectangular bar is partioned by the categorical value of each series of data.
                  • VerticalBarGraph - A vertical bar graph is a bar graph in which the rectangular bars are vertically oriented in space.
                • Line-barGraph - A line-bar graph statistical graph that contains both lines and bars.
                  • Boxplot - A boxplot (box-and-whisker diagram) is a convenient way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their five-number summaries: the smallest observation (sample minimum), lower quartile (Q1), median (Q2), upper quartile (Q3), and largest observation (sample maximum).
                • LineGraph - A line graph is a statistical graph in which lines contains the evaluation of functions or individual points connected by line segments.
                • Scatterplot - A scatterplot is a statistical graph which uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.
                • StackGraph - A stack graph is a statistical graph which presents multiple series in which the distance between one series and another indicates the relative contribution to the total for any x-value.
                  • Streamgraph - A streamgraph is a multi-line stacked graph that yields the appearance of continuous y-values across the x-axis.
              • TextualChart - A textual chart is a chart containing text.
                • PhraseNetDiagram - A phrase net diagram illustrates the relationship between different words used in a text.
                • TagCloud - A tag cloud is a visualization of word frequencies.
                • WordTree - A word tree is a chart that links phrases with contexts through a tree-like branching structure.
              • VennDiagram - A Venn diagram is a chart that illustrates all possible logical relations between a finite collection of sets as overlapping circles.
            • Image - An image is an affine projection of a visual entity to a two dimensional surface.
              • Photograph - A photograph is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface.
                • GeographicImage - A geographic image is a photograph of some geographical area.
            • Table - A table is a figure that consists of an ordered arrangement of columns and rows.
          • FigurePart - A figure part is a part of a figure.
            • Legend - A legend is a part of a figure that associates textual descriptions with symbols pertaining to plotted entities.
            • Plot - A plot is a part of a figure that corresponds to the spatial region between the set of axes.
          • File - A file is an information-bearing object that contains a physical embodiment of some information using a particular character encoding.
            • MolecularStructureFile - A molecular structure file is a file that contains a description of molecular structure.
              • PDBFile - A PDB file is a molecular structure file specified by the Protein DataBank (PDB).
          • Movie - A movie is a series of images that are displayed in rapid succession to give the impression of movement.
          • Slide - A slide is an visual representation meant to communicate some information.
          • Slideshow - A slideshow is a visual presentation of information contained within a collection of slides.
          • TelevisionProgram - A television program is a audiovisual media that is produced and broadcast using a television.
        • Representation - A representation is a entity that in some way represents another entity (or attribute thereof).
          • Model - A model is a representation of some thing.
            • ObjectModel - An object model is a representation of an object.
            • ProcessModel - A process model is a representation of some process.
          • Symbol - A symbol is a proposition about what an entity represents.
        • SocialEntity - A social entity pertains to the interaction among individuals and groups.
          • SocialRelation - A social relation is a social entity that describes a relationship between two or more individuals or groups.
            • Affiliation - An affiliation is a social relation which indicates the partnership between two or more entities.
          • SocialStructure - A social structure is a social entity which consists of relationships between two or more entities.
            • Collective - A collective is a group of entities that share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest, or work together on a specific project(s) to achieve a common objective.
              • Community - A community is a sizeable social unit that shares common values.
              • Family - A group of people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence.
              • Organization - An organization is a collective with a complex articulation of tasks, roles and responsibilities.
                • AcademicOrganization - An academic organization is a lawfully recognized organization that confers diplomas, degrees and other forms of recognition of academic achievement.
                  • AcademicDepartment - An academic department is a division of a university or school faculty devoted to a particular academic discipline.
                  • University - A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects and provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education.
                • Corporation - A corporation is an organization that is granted a charter recognizing it as a separate legal entity.
                • Institute - institute is a society or organization having a object or common factor, and is normally applied to those with a scientific, educational, or social objective.
                • RegulatoryAuthority - A regulatory authority is an organization responsible for exercising regulatory or supervisory capacity in some area of human activity.
                  • DrugRegulatoryAuthority - A drug regulatory authority is a regulatory authority which acts to control what substances may be used to treat individuals.
              • Population - A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area.
                • HumanPopulation - A human population refers to a collection of human beings.
                  • EthnicGroup - An ethnic group is a group of people whose members identify with each other through a common heritage, consisting of a common culture, including a shared language or dialect.
              • StudyGroup - A study group is a group of individuals that are subjects in an observational or intervention study.
                • ControlGroup - A control group is a group of individuals that are not subject to an intervention of interest, but rather serve as a baseline to compare the outcomes in the intervention group.
                • InterventionGroup - An intervention group is a group of individuals that are subject to an intervention.
      • MaterialEntity - A material entity is a physical entity that is spatially extended, exists as a whole at any point in time and has mass.
        • ChemicalEntity - A chemical entity is a material entity that pertains to chemistry.
          • Atom - An atom is composed of a core of protons and/or neutrons which may be surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
          • ChemicalSubstance - A chemical substance is a chemical entity composed of two or more weakly (non-covalently) interacting chemical entities.
            • Analyte - an analyte is a substance or chemical constituent of interest in an analytical procedure.
            • BinaryCompound - A binary compound is a mereological maximum sum of two kinds of weakly connected entities.
              • IonicCompound - An ionic compound is a mereological maximal sum of weakly connected paired positive and negative ions.
            • Catalyst - A catalyst is a molecule that has the capability to reduce the activation energy of a reaction and hence increase the overall rate of reaction.
            • CentrifugationSubstance - A centrifugation substance is a substance that is the target or product of centrifugation.
              • CentrifugationPellet - A centrifugation pellet is a solid substance that forms as a result of compaction by a centrifuge.
              • Supernatant - A supernatent is a liquid substance that remains after centrifugation.
            • ChemicalComplex - A chemical complex is a chemical substance composed of weakly connected molecules and ions in a known stoichiometry.
              • MolecularComplex - A molecular complex is a chemical complex composed of at least one weakly interacting molecule.
                • Chromosome - A chromosome is a molecular complex of circular or linear DNA and bound proteins.
                • DoubleStrandedNucleicAcid - double stranded nucleic acid is a molecular complex composed of two weakly connected nucleic acids.
                  • DoubleStrandedDNA - double stranded nucleic acid is a molecular complex composed of two weakly connected deoxyribonucleic acids.
                  • DoubleStrandedRNA - double stranded nucleic acid is a molecular complex composed of two weakly connected ribonucleic acids.
                • ProteinComplex - A protein complex is a molecular complex composed of at least two polypeptide chains.
                  • Antibody - An antibody (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are gamma globulin proteins that are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects. They are typically made of two large heavy chains and two small light chains.
            • Drug - A drug is a chemical substance that contains one or more active ingredients that regulate one or more biological processes.
              • PharmaceuticalDrug - A pharmaceutical preparation is a chemical substance that is approved for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease.
              • Poison - A poison is a drug that is harzardous or toxic to an organism when ingested at a certain quantity.
            • HeterogeneousSubstance - A heterogeneous substance is a chemical substance that is composed of more than one different kind of component.
              • BiologicalEntity - A biological entity is a heterogeneous substance that contains genomic material or is the product of a biological process.
                • BiologicalFluid - A biological fluid is a fluid of biological origin.
                • Cell - A cell is a biological entity that is contained by a plasma membrane.
                  • UnicellularOrganism - A unicellular organism is a organism that is composed of a single cell.
                    • E.coli - Escherichia coli (e coli) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms.
                • CellLine - A cell line is a collection of genetically identifical cells.
                • Genome - A genome is a collection of nucleic acids.
                • Organ - An organ is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function.
                • Organism - A biological organisn is a biological entity that consists of one or more cells and is capable of genomic replication (independently or not).
                  • CellularOrganism - A cellular organism is an organism that contains one or more cells.
                    • MulticellularOrganism - A multi-cellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell.
                      • Human - A human is a primates of the family Hominidae and are characterized by having a large brain relative to body size, with a well developed neocortex, prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes, making them capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, problem solving and culture through social learning.
                      • Mouse - A mouse is a small mammal belonging to the order of rodents, characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, and a long naked or almost hairless tail.
                      • Rat - A rat is a medium-sized, long-tailed rodent of the superfamily Muroidea.
                      • Worm - A worm is a non-arthropod invertebrate animal that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body and no legs.
                  • Host - A host is an organism that harbors a parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter.
                  • Non-cellularOrganism - A non-cellular organism is an organism that does not contain a cell.
                    • Viroid - A viroid is a molecule of RNA that does not code for and is not protected by a protein coat.
                    • Virus - A virus is a non-cellular organism that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism.
                  • Pathogen - A pathogen or infectious agent is a microorganism that causes disease in its host.
                  • Strain - A strain is a genetic variant or kind of microorganism.
                • SubcellularEntity - None
                • Tissue - A tissue is a mereologically maximal collection of cells that together perform some function.
              • ChemicalSalt - a chemical salt is a heterogenous substance composed of an ionic assembly of cations and anions.
                • StrongChemicalSalt - a strong chemical salt is a chemical salt that is composed of strong electrolytes. Strong chemical salts contain Na,K,NH4 or NO3, CIO4, CH3COO.
                • WeakChemicalSalt - a weak chemical salt is a chemical salt composed of weak eletrolytes.
              • Device - A device is usually a constructed tool.
                • CommunicationDevice - A communication device is a device that facilitates the transmission of information through encoded in an audio or digital signal between a sender and a receiver.
                  • RadioReceiver - A radio receiver is a communication device that receives its input from an antenna, uses electronic filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by this antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally converts through demodulation and decoding the signal into a form usable for the consumer, such as sound, pictures, digital data, measurement values, navigational positions.
                  • Telephone - The telephone is a communications device that transmits and receives sounds, and are minimally composed of a microphone to speak into, a speaker'which reproduces the voice of the other person and a ringer which makes a sound to alert the owner when a call is coming in.
                • DataCollectionDevice - A data collection device is a device that collects information about one or more objects.
                  • MassSpectrometer - A mass spectrometer is a device that identifies ions based on their mass to charge ratio using an electromagnetic field.
                  • MicroarrayDevice - A microarray device is a device that identifies the binding of a target substance to a physically immobile substrate placed in an array or lattice.
                  • NmrDevice - A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) device is a device that applies a magnetic field to perturb nuclei with an odd number of protons and/or of neutrons in order to hav them absort and re-emit electromagnetic radiation.
                • DataStorageDevice - A data storage device is a device that is capable of storing information.
                  • HardDiskDrive - A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile, random access device for digital data. It features rotating rigid platters on a motor-driven spindle within a protective enclosure. Data is magnetically read and written on the platter by read/write heads that float on a film of air above the platters.
                    • SolidStateHardDrive - A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data.
                • Radar - A radar is an object-detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects.
              • LiquidSolution - A liquid solution is a heterogeneous substance in a liquid state.
              • LiquidSolutionComponent - A liquid solution component is a part of a liquid solution.
                • Acid - An acid is a molecular entity in solution capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid).
                • Base - A base is a molecular entity dissolved in a solvent that is capable of accepting a proton (Bronsted base) or forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Lewis base) .
                • Buffer - A buffer is a dissolved chemical substance that resists change in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base.
                • Solute - A solute is a substance that becomes dissolved in a solvent.
                • Solvent - A solvent is a substance that can dissolve other substances (solutes).
                  • NonpolarSolvent - A non-polar solvent is a solvent that exhibits a non-polar quality.
                  • PolarSolvent - A polar solvent is a solvent that exhibits a polar quality.
              • Placebo - A placebo is a medically ineffectual treatment for a medical condition intended to deceive the recipient.
              • Reagent - A reagent is a substance that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction, or added to see if a reaction occurs.
              • Sample - A sample is a limited quantity of something (e.g. an individual or set of individuals from a population, or a portion of a substance) to be used for testing, analysis, inspection, investigation, demonstration, or trial use.
                • Specimen - A specimen is a portion of material for use in testing, examination, or study.
              • Wave - A wave is a physical entity that travels through space and time, consist of oscillations or vibrations and may be accompanied by the transfer of energy.
                • SoundWave - A sound wave is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing.
            • HomogeneousSubstance - A homogeneous substance is a substance that is composed of a uniform type of entity.
              • ChemicalElement - A chemical element is a (effectively) homogeneous substance composed of one type of atom.
                • Allotrope - An allotrope is a structural variant of a chemical element.
                  • CarbonAllotrope - A carbon allotrope is a chemical substance composed of carbon.
                    • AggregatedCarbonNanorods - aggregate of carbon nanorods is an allotrope of carbon considered to be the least compressible material known, as measured by its isothermal bulk modulus; aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442 GPa. ADNRs are also 0.3% denser than regular diamond.
                    • AmorphousCarbon - amorphous carbon is an allotrope of carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions.
                    • CarbonNanofoam - carbon nanofoam is an allotrope of carbon that consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web. Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atoms linked in graphite-like sheets that are given negative curvature by the inclusion of heptagons among the regular hexagonal pattern.
                    • Chaoite - chaoite is an allotrope of carbon that is slightly harder than graphite with a reflection colour of grey to white.
                    • Diamond - diamond is a carbon allotrope in which each carbon atom in diamond is covalently bonded to four other carbons in a tetrahedron. These tetrahedrons together form a 3-dimensional network of puckered six-membered rings of atoms.
                    • Fullerene - fullerene is a carbon allotrope which take the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube.
                    • GlassyCarbon - glassy carbon is an allotrope of carbon which is widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices.
                    • Graphite - graphite is an allotrope of carbon which is a conductor, and is the most stable form of solid carbon.
                    • Ionsdaleite - ionsdaleite is a hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond.
            • Ingredient - an ingredient is a chemical substance that forms part of a mixture.
          • Ion - An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
            • Anion - An anion is an atom or molecule with a net negative electrical charge.
            • Cation - An anion is an atom or molecule with a net positive electrical charge.
          • Molecule - A molecule is a single chemical entity composed of fully covalently bonded atoms.
            • Antigen - An antigen is a molecule that can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and presented to a T-cell receptor.
            • Isomer - An isomer is a molecule that is compositionally identical to another molecule as a result of a different atomic connectivity.
              • Stereoisomer - A stereoisomer is an isomer in which the atomic connectivity is the same, but differs in its spatial arrangement of atoms.
                • Diastereomer - A diastereomer is a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image of its isomer.
                • Enantiomer - An enantiomer is a stereoisomer that is a mirror image of its isomer.
                • Epimer - An epimer is a stereoisomer that differs in configuration at only one stereogenic center.
                • OpticalIsomer - An optical isomer is a stereoisomer that rotates the plane of polarization of a beam of plane polarized light.
              • StructuralIsomer - A structural isomer is an isomer in which the atoms are joined together in different ways.
            • Ligand - A ligand is a molecule that is part of a complex by weakly interacting with another molecule.
            • MolecularRegulator - A molecular regulator is a molecule that regulates the function of another chemical entity.
              • Activator - A molecular activator is a molecular regulator that realizes its disposition to conformationally change a target molecule and increase its functionality.
              • Inhibitor - A molecular inhibitor is a molecular regulator that realizes its disposition to conformationally change a target molecule and decrease its functionality.
            • OrganicMolecule - An organic molecule is a molecule composed of organic atoms (at least carbon, hydrogen, and optionally oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur)
              • AminoAcid - An amino acid is an organic molecule composed of a carbon bonded to four different groups: a carboxyl group, an amino group, an R group, and a hydrogen atom. In the case of glycine, the R group is another hydrogen atom.
              • Lipid - A lipid is a water-insoluable organic molecule.
              • Monosaccharide - A monosaccharide is an organic molecule that consists of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone group.
              • OrganicPolymer - An organic polymer is an organic molecule composed of connected set of monomeric units.
                • AminoAcidPolymer - an amino acid polymer is an organic polymer composed of two or more amino acid residues.
                  • Oligopeptide - an oligopeptide is an organic polymer composed of fewer than 10 or 15 amino acids.
                  • Peptide - a peptide is an organic polymer composed of between two and fifty amino acids.
                  • Polypeptide - A polypeptide is an organic polymer composed of amino acid residues, typically of less than 50 amino acids in length.
                  • Protein - A protein is an organic polymer that is composed of one or more linear polymers of amino acids.
                    • Enzyme - An enzyme is a protein or protein complex that realizes its disposition to covalently modify some molecule during a chemical reaction.
                • Biopolymer - A biopolymer is an organic polymer that are typically produced by the cells of living organisms.
                • Carbohydrate - a carbohydrate is an organic molecule composed of two or more monosaccharides.
                • NucleicAcid - A nucleic acid is an organic polymer composed of a sequence of nucleotide residues.
                  • DeoxyribonucleicAcid - A deoxyribonucleic acid is an organic polymer composed of a sequence of deoxyribonucleotide residues.
                    • DeoxyribonucleicAcidTemplate - A deoxyribonucleic acid template is a deoxyribonucleic acid that provides the template to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA through transcription.
                  • NucleicAcidStrand - A nucleic acid strand is a single-stranded nucleic acid that is part of a double stranded nucleic acid complex.
                    • NegativeNucleicAcidStrand - The negative nucleic acid strand is the strand that is that is complimentary to the forward strand and appears from 3' to 5'.
                    • PositiveNucleicAcidStrand - The positive nucleic acid strand refers to the strand that is to be read 5' to 3'.
                  • RibonucleicAcid - A ribonucleic acid is an organic polymer composed of a sequence of ribonucleotide residues.
                    • RNATranscript - An RNA transcript is an RNA molecule that is produced from transcription of a nucleic acid template.
                      • MessengerRNA - A messenger RNA is a ribonucleic acid that contains an untranslated region (UTR) and protein coding sequence and lacks introns.
                        • MRNASpliceVariant - An mRNA splice variant is an mRNA molecule that varies from another mRNA molecule of the same gene origin but having a different final sequence due to differences in its assembly from splice sites.
                        • MatureMRNA - A mature RNA is a ribonucleic acid that contains an untranslated region (UTR) and protein coding sequence and lacks introns.
                        • Pre-mRNA - Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) is a single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that is synthesized from a DNA template throught transcription.
                      • Non-proteinCodingRNAncRNA - A non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) is a RNA molecular that cannot be used as a template for generating a protein product.
                        • MicroRNAmiRNA - None
                        • SmallCytoplasmicRNAscRNA - A small cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA) molecule is a small (7S; 129 nucleotides) RNA molecule found in the cytosol and rough endoplasmic reticulum that are normally associated with proteins that are involved in specific selection and transport of other proteins.
                        • SmallNuclearRNAsnRNA - A small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a small RNA molecule that is located in the nucleus of a cell.
                        • SmallNucleolarRNAsnoRNA - A small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) is a small RNA that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins.
                        • TransferRNAtRNA - A transfer RNA (tRNA) is an RNA molecule that aids in the translation of a messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce a protein product.
            • Polymer - A polymer is a molecule composed of a connected set of monomeric residues.
            • Product - None
            • Signal - A signal is an object that initiates a sequence of events.
            • SignalTransducer - A signal transducer is a molecule that responds to and amplifies a signal in a signalling system.
              • Messenger - A mesenger is a molecule involved in either signal detection or signal propagation from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
                • SecondMessenger - A second messenger is a molecule that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
              • Receptor - A receptor molecule is a molecule that has the capability to bind to a signal and propogate a response to that signal.
          • SubmolecularEntity - A submolecular entity is a chemical entity that is a part of a molecule.
            • StrongSubmolecularComponent - A strong submolecular component is a submolecular component that strongly connects submolecular components.
              • CovalentBond - A covalent bond is a strong submolecular interaction between atoms.
                • AromaticBond - An aromatic bond is an interaction between a set of atoms across which pairs of electrons are shared.
                • DoubleBond - A double bond is a covalent bond between a pair of atoms in which two pairs of electrons are shared.
                • SingleBond - A single bond is a covalent bond between a pair of atoms in which one pair of electrons are shared.
                  • DisulfideBond - A disulfide bond is a bond between two sulfur atoms.
                • TripleBond - A triple bond is a covalent bond between a pair of atoms in which three pairs of electrons are shared.
            • Submolecule - A submolecule is any part of a molecule.
              • ChemicalFunctionalGroup - A chemical functional group is a submolecule that confers specific chemical properties.
                • Ring - A ring is a submolecule with a circular topology.
                  • AromaticRing - An aromatic ring is a ring in which the electrons are delocalized across all atoms in the ring.
                  • HeterocyclicRing - A heterocyclic ring is a ring containing a hetero atom.
                  • HomocyclicRing - A homocyclic ring is a ring where the atoms are of a single type.
              • Monomer - A monomer is a submolecule that is proper part of some polymer, and is a building block for such polymer.
              • OrganicSubmolecule - An organic submolecule is connected region of a molecule.
                • AminoAcidPolymerSubmolecule - An amino acid polymer submolecule is a submolecule of an amino acid polymer.
                  • AlphaHelix - An alpha helix is structural region of a protein that is characterized by 3.6 residues per turn, a translation of 1.5 angstroms along the helical axis in which backbone N-H groups form a hydrogen bond to the backbone carboxyl group of the amino acid four residues prior.
                  • AminoAcidResidue - An amino acid residue is a submolecule of an amino acid that is part of a larger molecule.
                  • BetaStrand - A beta strand is structural region of a protein that is characterized by a roughly planar sequence of amino acid residues forming hydrogen bonds between the N-O and the C=O of another part of the peptide
                  • Post-translationalModification - None
                  • ProteinDomain - None
                • CarbohydrateResidue - A carbohydrate residue is a part of a molecule that was derived from a monosaccharide molecule.
                • LipidResidue - A lipid residue is a part of an organic molecule that was derived from a lipid molecule.
                • NucleicAcidPart - A nucleic acid part is a component of a nucleic acid.
                  • CisRegulatoryElement - A cisregulatory element is a DNA sequence located on the same DNA strand or chromosome as the gene whose expression it affects.
                  • Gene - A gene is part of a nucleic acid that contains all the necessary elements to encode a functional transcript.
                    • Allele - An allele is one of a set of sequence variants of a gene.
                    • DnaGene - A gene that is located on DNA.
                    • Non-proteinCodingRNAncRNAGene - A non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) gene is a gene that encodes for a RNA transcript that is not further translated into a protein product.
                      • RibosomalRNAGene - A ribosomal RNA gene is a gene that codes for a ribosomal RNA molecule.
                      • SmallCytoplasmicRNAscRNAGene - A small cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA) gene is a gene that encodes a small (7S; 129 nucleotides) RNA molecule found in the cytosol and rough endoplasmic reticulum that are normally associated with proteins that are involved in specific selection and transport of other proteins.
                      • SmallNuclearRNAsnRNAGene - A small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene is a gene that encodes a small niuclear RNA molecule.
                      • SmallNucleolarRNAsnoRNAGene - A small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) gene is a gene that encodes a small RNA that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins.
                      • TransferRNAtRNAGene - A transfer RNA (tRNA) gene is a gene that codes for a tRNA used in the translation of a messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce a protein product.
                    • PredictedGene - A predicted gene is a gene that was identified through computational method but has not been experimentally validated.
                    • ProteinCodingGene - A gene that contains an open reading frame which codes for a protein.
                    • RnaGene - A gene that is located on RNA.
                    • ValidatedGene - An experimentally validated gene is a gene whose existence has been demonstrated through experimental methods.
                  • GeneComponent - A gene component is a component of a gene.
                    • 3%27UntranslatedRegion - A three prime untranslated region (3'-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon.
                    • 5%27UntranslatedRegion - The five prime untranslated region (5' UTR) is a section of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the DNA that codes for it that starts at the +1 position (where transcription begins) and ends one nucleotide before the start codon (usually AUG) of the coding region.
                    • Exon - An exon is a nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
                    • GeneRegulatoryComponent - A gene regulatory component is a gene component that exerts a regulatory function.
                      • GeneEnhancer - A gene enhancer is a short region of DNA that can be bound with proteins to enhance transcription levels of genes in a gene cluster.
                      • GenePromoter - A gene promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
                    • Intron - An intron is a region of a gene that is removed from the final protein open reading frame.
                    • OpenReadingFrame - An open reading frame (ORF) is a part of a gene that encodes a protein but does not contain a stop codon.
                    • ProteinCodingSequence - None
                  • GeneticPolymorphism - genetic polymorphism is the description of a difference in genetic composition at some location.
                  • GenomicSequenceVariant - None
                    • Haplotype - A haplotype is one of a set of genomic sequence variants.
                  • NucleotideResidue - A nucleotide residue is a part of a molecule that derives from a nucleotide.
                    • DeoxyribonucleotideResidue - A deoxyribonucleotide residue is a part of a molecule that derives from a deoxyribonucleotide.
                    • RibonucleotideResidue - A ribonucleotide residue is a part of a molecule that derives from a ribonucleotide.
                    • SingleNucleotidePolymorphism - a single nucleotide variation (SNV) is a nucleotide residue that is a variant compared to some reference nucleic acid sequence.
                  • Operon - An operon is a collection of contiguous genes transcribed as a single (polycistronic) mRNA.
                  • Pseudogene - A pseudo gene is a region of a nucleic acid that either cannot be transcribed, or its RNA transcript cannot be translated.
                  • RNATranscriptComponent - An RNA transcript component is a region of an RNA transcript.
                    • SpliceSite - A splice site is a region required for the excision of an intron and connection to another exon.
                      • 3%27SpliceSite - The 3' splice site is the terminal region of an exon that is 3' to the intron that is to be excised.
                      • 5%27SpliceSite - The 5' splice site is the terminal region of an exon that is 5' to the intron that is to be excised.
                    • StartCodon - A start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon is almost always preceded by an untranslated region 5' UTR.
                    • StopCodon - A stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation.
                  • Trans-regulatoryElement - A trans-regulatory element is a DNA sequence associated with the regulation of a gene located outside the genomic region supporting the corresponding structural DNA region of the trans-regulatory element (i.e., a different DNA strand or different chromosome).
            • WeakSubmolecularComponent - A weak submolecular component is a submolecular component that weakly connects submolecular components.
              • BasePair - A base pair is a weak molecular interaction composed of hydrogen bonds between nucleobases.
              • BaseStack - A base stack is a stabilizing interaction of DNA and RNA between spatially adjacent nucleotides and possibly involving London dispersion, hydrophobic and electrostatic forces.
              • Dipole-dipoleInteraction - A dipole-dipole interaction is a weak submolecular interaction between strongly electronegative atoms.
              • HydrogenBond - A hydrogen bond is a weak submolecular interaction formed between a hydrogen atom and a electronegative atom.
                • LowBarrierHydrogenBond - A low barrier hydrogen bond is a shorter, stronger hydrogen bond that is formed between both heteroatoms.
              • IonicInteraction - An ionic interaction is a weak submolecular interaction between a charged submolecules.
                • CationPiInteraction - A cation pi interaction is an ionic interaction between the localized negative charge of π orbital electrons, located above and below the plane of an aromatic ring, and a positive charge.
              • VanDerWaalsInteraction - van der Waals' interaction is an a weak submolecular interaction between an instantaneous dipole and induced dipole.
      • SpatialRegion - A spatial region is an object contained in some region of space.
        • GeographicRegion - A geographic region is a spatial region whose boundaries are typically defined against some material frame of reference (like the earth).
          • Environment - An environment is a geographic region that hosts certain processes or objects.
          • GeolegalRegion - A geolegal region is a geographic region which has causal powers confered by a legal entity.
            • GeopoliticalRegion - a geopolitical region is a geographic region recognized by social or legal convention.
              • City - A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement.
              • Country - A country is a region legally identified as a distinct entity in political geography.
              • Province - A province is a territorial unit, almost always an administrative division, within a country or state.
              • State - A state is a set of governing and supportive institutions that have sovereignty over a definite territory and population.
              • Territory - A territory is a non-sovereign geographic region.
              • Township - A township is a rural or sub-urban settlement.
        • Site - A site is a spatial region bounded (in part or in whole) by material entities and may be occupied by material entities.
          • Hole - A hole is a site that is opening into or through something.
          • MolecularSite - A moleclar site is a spatial region bounded (in part or in whole) by a molecule and may be occupied by other material entities (e.g. drugs).
            • ActiveSite - An active site is a molecular site in which a chemical event occurs (structural transformation or conformational change).
            • BindingSite - A binding site is a molecular site which when occupied with particular ligands leads to structural transformations that initiatiate new moelcular processes.
              • AllostericSite - An allosteric site is a binding site that when bound to particular ligand changes the conformational state and affects its functionality.
            • MolecularPocket - A molecular pocket is a site on a molecule that appears as a depression into the structure.
        • SpatialBoundary - A spatial boundary is the closure minus the interior of a subset of a topological space.
          • MaterialBoundary - A material boundary is the boundary of a material entity which exists as a lower dimensional entity at exactly the location where its parts no longer extend into space. Every material entity has a boundary, and a boundary is the boundary of exactly 1 material entity.
      • SpecializedObject - None
        • AnatomicalEntity - an anatomical entity is an object that is a structural part (material or immaterial) of a biological entity.
        • Person - A person is an object that has certain capacities or attributes constituting personhood.
          • Academic - An academic is an individual that participates in education and scholarship.
            • Professor - A professor is an individual that is a scholarly teacher.
            • Student - A student is an individual who is attends an educational institution.
          • MedicalPractitioner - A medical practioner is an individual that provides medical care.
            • Doctor - A doctor is an individual who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.
            • Nurse - A nurse is an individual that is involved in the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.
          • Patient - A patient is an individual that is the recepient of medical care.
          • StudySubject - A study subject is an individual that is the subject of the study.
        • SpecializedMaterialEntity - A specialized material entity is a material entity that is defined by having some quality, role or capability.
    • Process - A process is an entity that is identifiable only through the unfolding of time, has temporal parts, and unless otherwise specified/predicted, cannot be identified from any instant of time in which it exists.
      • Behaviour - Behaviour is the set of actions and mannerisms made by systems (biological or otherwise) in response to stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
        • Emotion - An emotion is a process (experience) that arises internally or from an involuntary physiological response to a stimulus.
          • Indifference - indifference is an emotion characterized by lack of interest, concern, or sympathy.
            • Apathy - apathy is an emotion characterized by lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.
          • NegativeEmotion - negative emotion is an emotion that does not feel good.
            • Annoyance - Annoyance is an unpleasant emtion that is characterized by a abnormal or excessive sensitivity to some external stimulus.
              • Frustration - Frustration is an emotion that arises from the perceived resistance to the fulfillment of individual will.
            • Apprehension - apprehension is the negative emotion that something unpleasant will occur.
              • Anxiety - anxiety is an emotion charactersized by intense feeling of fear and concern coupled with a physical response.
                • Angst - angst is the intense feeling of apprehension, anxiety or inner turmoil.
              • Fear - Fear is a negative emotion induced by a perceived threat that induces one to hide or move quickly away from the location of the perceived threat.
                • Dread - dread is the instense negative emotion that induces fear and apprehension.
                  • Terror - terror is the extreme feeling of fear.
                • Panic - Panic is a sudden emotion of fear which is so strong as to dominate or prevent reason and logical thinking, replacing it with overwhelming feelings of anxiety and frantic agitation consistent with an animalistic fight-or-flight reaction.
              • Worry - worry is the emotion characterized by concer over a real or imaginary issue.
                • Regret - regret is a feeling of sadness, repentance, or disappointment over something that has happened or been done.
                  • Remorse - remorse is an emotion of personal regret felt by a person after he or she has committed an act which they deem to be shameful, hurtful, or violent.
            • Boredom - boredom is the emotion experience by those not interested in their surroundings or available activities.
            • Disappointment - disappointment is the feeling of dissatisfaction that follows the failure of expectations or hopes to manifest.
            • Discouragement - Discouragement is the emtion of having lost confidence or enthusiasm.
            • Embarassment - Embarrassment is the emotion of intense discomfort with oneself, experienced upon having a socially unacceptable act or condition witnessed by or revealed to other.
            • Envy - envy is an emotion that occurs when a person lacks another's (perceived) superior quality, achievement or possession and wishes that the other lacked it.
              • Jealousy - jealousy is an emotion and typically refers to the negative thoughts and feelings of insecurity, fear, and anxiety over an anticipated loss of something that the person values, particularly in reference to a human connection.
            • Guilt - Guilt is the emotion borne from feeling responsible for the commission of an offense and arises out of public humiliation.
            • Hostility - Hostility is the intense negative emotion of being in conflict or opposition to someone or something.
              • Disgust - Disgust is a feeling of revulsion or profound disapproval aroused by something unpleasant or offensive.
                • Anger - anger is disgust directed toward an equal status individual.
                  • Rage - Rage is a feeling of intense anger that is associated with the Fight-or-flight response.
                • Contempt - contempt is disgust towards a lower status individual.
                • Hate - Hate is a deep and emotional extreme dislike, directed against a certain object or class of objects.
                • Loathing - loathing is an intense dislike or disgust.
                • Resentment - resentment is disgust directed toward a higher status individual.
            • Hunger - hunger is the craving for food.
            • Hurt - hurt is an unpleasant feeling, emotion or sensation.
              • Humiliation - Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission.
              • Pain - Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.
              • Suffering - Suffering is the unpleasant emotion and aversion associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual.
            • Hysteria - Hysteria is an unmanageable emotion.
            • Indecision - indecision is the emotion of being unable to choose between two or more possible courses of action.
            • Irritability - irritability is the negative emotion of quick excitability to annoyance, impatience, or anger.
            • Loneliness - Loneliness is an unpleasant emotion in which a person feels a strong sense of emptiness, yearning distress and solitude resulting from inadequate quantity or quality of social relationships.
            • Pity - Pity is the emotion of sadness or sorrow for another.
            • Sadness - sadness is emotional pain associated with, or characterized by feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, helplessness, sorrow, and rage.
              • Depression - depression is an unpleasant emotion linked to aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and physical well-being. Depressed individuals may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, worried, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, or restless.
              • Despair - despair is depression, hopelessness or lack of hope.
              • Grief - grief is an emotion in response to loss, whether physical or abstract including death, unemployment, ill health or the end of a relationship.
              • Misery - misery is a feeling of great unhappiness, suffering and/or pain.
              • Sorrow - sorrow is the emotion that is characterized by a long term state of intense sadness, distress and a degree of resignation (not accepting).
            • Shame - shame is the emotion borne from feeling responsible for the commission of an offense.
            • Shock - shock is an emotion of sudden upset or surprise.
            • Shyness - shyness is an emotion of apprehension, lack of comfort, or awkwardness experienced when in proximity to, approaching, or being approached by other individuals, especially in new situations or with unfamiliar individuals.
            • Suicidal - suicidal is the emotion of being deeply unhappy or depressed with thoughts of killing one's self.
          • PositiveEmotion - A positive emotion is an emotion that feels good.
            • Affection - affection is an emotion characterized with a feeling or type of love for another living thing.
            • Arousal - arousal is an emotion characterized by state of reactive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the reticular activating system in the brain stem, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, mobility and readiness to respond.
            • Awe - awe is an emotion produced by that which is grand, sublime or powerful and is characterized by a combination of joy, fear and admiration/reverence/respect.
            • Boldness - boldness is the trait of being willing to undertake things that involve risk or danger.
            • Ecstasy - ecstacy is an emotion characterized by a heightened state of consciousness with total involvement of a subject.
            • Excitement - excitement is a positive emotion of feeling great enthusiasm and eagerness.
            • Gratitude - Gratitude, thankfulness, gratefulness, or appreciation is a feeling, emotion or attitude in acknowledgment of a benefit that one has received or will receive.
            • Happiness - happiness is an emotion characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.
              • Contentment - contentment is an emotion characterized by acknowledgement and satisfaction of the current state of affairs.
                • Satisfaction - satisfaction is an emotion of fulfillment of one's wishes, expectations, or needs, or the pleasure derived from this.
                  • Pride - pride is an emotion of satisfaction of attachment toward one's own or another's choices and actions, or toward a whole group of people, and is a product of praise, independent self-reflection, or a fulfilled feeling of belonging.
              • Euphoria - euphoria is an emotion characterized by intense feelings of well-being, elation, happiness, ecstasy, excitement, and joy.
              • Joy - joy is an emotion of intense happiness.
              • Pleasure - pleasure is an emotion of happy satisfaction and enjoyment.
            • Hope - hope is an emotion of belief in a positive outcome related to events and circumstances in one's life.
            • Interest - interest is the emotion of wanting to know or learn about something or someone.
              • Desire - desire is a strong emotion of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen.
                • Curiosity - curiosity is the strong desire to know or learn something.
                • Intent - intent is a desire to realize a particular outcome.
                • Lust - lust is the strong desire for sex.
                • Passion - passion is the intense desire for something.
            • Love - love is an emotion of a strong affection and personal attachment.
            • Surprise - surprise is a brief emotion experienced as the result of an unexpected event.
              • Wonder - wonder is an emotion of perceiving something very rare or unexpected, but not threatening.
      • Interacting - interacting is a process characterized by the interaction between two or more entities.
        • ChemicalInteraction - A chemical interaction is a biochemical process in which chemical entities interact through some set of attractive forces.
          • ChemicalEffect - A chemical effect is a chemical interaction in which a chemical elicits a marked characteristic of a biological system.
            • DrugDrugInteraction - A drug-drug interaction is an interaction in which two drugs interact in such a way to produce a non-additive biological response.
          • ChemicalExposure - None
          • ChemicalReaction - A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
            • Acid-baseReaction - An acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base.
            • CatalyzedReaction - A catalyzed reaction is a chemical reaction that is facilitated by a catalyst.
              • BiochemicalReaction - A biochemical reaction is a biochemical process that involves the conversion of at least one chemical participant (target) into another (product) by an enzyme (agent).
            • InorganicReaction - An inorganic reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the transformation of inorganic molecules.
              • DecompositionReaction - A decomposition reaction is an inorganic reaction in which molecule is fragmented into submolecules or atoms.
              • DisplacementReaction - A displacement reaction is an inorganic reaction in which a elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent atom from a molecule.
                • DoubleDisplacementReaction - A double displacement reaction is a displacement reaction in which two molecules swap ions, effectively displacing each other to form two new molecules.
                • SingleDisplacementReaction - A single displacement reaction where one atom is transferred out of one molecule and into another.
              • SynthesisReaction - A synthesis reaction is an inorganic reaction in which two or more molecules are chemically bonded together to produce a single product.
            • IsomerizationReaction - An isomerization reaction is a chemical reaction in which a molecule is converted into its isomer.
            • MolecularModification - Molecular modification is chemical alteration of a known and previously characterized lead compound for the purpose of enhancing its usefulness as a drug. This could mean enhancing its specificity for a particular body target site, increasing its potency, improving its rate and extent of absorption, modifying to advantage its time course in the body, reducing its toxicity, changing its physical or chemical properties (like solubility) to provide desired features.
            • OrganicReaction - An organic reaction is a chemical reaction involving at least one organic molecule.
              • AdditionReaction - An addition reaction is an organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one. Addition reactions are limited to chemical compounds that have multiply-bonded atoms:
                • Non-polarAdditionReaction - A non-polar addition reaction is an addition reaction involving non-polar residues.
                  • FreeRadicalAddition - A free radical addition is a non-polar addition reaction involving free radicals.
                • PolarAdditionReaction - A polar addition reaction is an addition reaction involving polar residues.
                  • ElectrophilicAdditionReaction - An electrophilic addition reaction is a polar addition reaction where a pi bond is removed by the creation of two new covalent bonds.
                  • NucleophilicAdditionReaction - A nucleophilic addition reaction is an addition reaction where a pi bond is removed by the creation of two new covalent bonds by the addition from a nucleophile.
            • RedoxReaction - A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which there is a net movement of electrons from one reactant to another.
          • Metabolism - Metabolism is the set of chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
            • Anabolism - Anabolism is the set of metabolic processes that construct larger chemical entities units from smaller chemical entities.
            • Catabolism - Anabolism is the set of metabolic processes that take apart larger chemical entities units into smaller chemical entities.
        • Communicating - communicating is the process of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour.
          • Conversing - conversing a form of interactive, spontaneous communication between two or more agents who are following rules of etiquette.
          • Gesturing - gesturing is a form of non-verbal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel with spoken words. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or other parts of the body.
          • Speech - speech is the expression of thoughts and feelings by sound.
        • Comparing - comparing is the process of examining a set of objects and determining their equality or inequality based on one or more features.
        • Creating - creating is the process in which an entity comes into existence.
          • Birthing - birthing is the process by which a biological organism is brought into existence.
          • ChemicalSynthesis - chemical synthesis is synthesis of a chemical entity from physical precursors through one or more chemical interactions or reactions.
            • Biosynthesis - biosynthesis is the synthesis of an organic compound in a living organism, usually aided by enzymes.
              • Transcription - transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA.
              • Translation - translation is the process of producing a polypeptide from a ribonucleic acid by a ribosome.
            • MolecularComplexFormation - molecular complex formation is the process of forming a molecular complex from its constituent parts.
          • Evolving - evolving is a process that elicits change across successive generations in the inherited characteristics of biological populations.
          • Learning - learning is the agentive process of acquiring knowledge.
          • Planning - planning is the agentive process of developing a plan that specifies a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives.
          • Predicting - predicting is the process of formulating a proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future.
          • Reasoning - reasoning is the agentive process of using knowledge to evaluate the truth value of a proposition.
          • Reproducing - reproducing is a process characterized by creation of an entity that is similar or exactly the same as the template from which it is derived.
            • BiologicalReproduction - biological reproduction is the biological process by which one or more biological organisms are produced from their "parents".
        • Destroying - destroying is a process in which something is broken down and/or ceases to exist.
          • ChemicalDestruction - chemical destruction is destruction of a chemical entity to its chemical constituents through one ormore chemical interactions or reactions.
            • DecreasedChemicalDestruction - decreased chemical destruction is a process in which there is a decrease in the amount of chemical destroyed relative to some reference process
            • IncreasedChemicalDestruction - increased chemical destruction is a process in which there is an increase in the amount of chemical destroyed relative to some reference process
            • MolecularComplexDissociation - molecular complex disassociation is the process of dissambly of a molecular complex into its constitutent parts.
          • Dying - dying is a process in which a biological entity ceases to exist.
        • Measuring - measuring is the process of determining the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units
        • Modifying - modifying is the process by which an entity gains or loses parts, qualities, roles, dispositions, functions, etc, but maintains their identity through these changes.
        • Observing - observing is a process of passive interaction in which one entity makes note of attributes of one or more entities.
          • Perception - perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to fabricate a mental representation through the process of transduction, which sensors in the body transform signals from the environment into encoded neural signals.
        • Regulating - regulating is a process that modulates the attributes of an object or process.
        • Sampling - sampling is the act of obtaining a sample, whether through selection, collection or preparation.
        • Transporting - transporting is a process in which one object physically moves another object from one location to another.
          • ChemicalTransport - chemical transport is the directed movement of a chemical entity by some agent (e.g. transporter).
            • MembraneTransport - membrane transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane.
              • ActiveTransport - active transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) and requires chemical energy.
                • PrimaryActiveTransport - primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses energy to transport molecules across a membrane.
                • SecondaryActiveTransport - secondary active transport or co-transport uses electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions out of the cell to transport molecules across a membrane.
                  • AntiportEnabledSecondaryActiveTransport - antiport enabled secondary active transport is a secondary active transfort in which both ion and molecule are transported in opposite directions simultaneously.
                  • SymportEnabledSecondaryActiveTransport - symport enabled secondary active transport is a secondary active transfort in which both ion and molecule are transported in the same direction simultaneously.
              • PassiveTransport - passive transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane and does not require chemical energy.
      • Movement - movement is the process in which an object is spatially displaced.
        • ActiveMovement - active movement is the process in which an object is spatially displaced using some chemical energy.
          • Locomotion - The self-propelled movement of an object.
        • PassiveMovement - passive movement is the process in which an object is spatially displaced without an expenditure of energy contained in molecular bonds.
          • Diffusion - diffusion is motion of particles at temperatures above absolute zero.
            • BrownianMotion - Brownian motion is the seemlingly random movement of particles suspended in a fluid.
            • Osmosis - osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient.
      • Procedure - A procedure is a process that attempts to achieve one or more objectives by following an established set of actions.
        • Assay - An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure in laboratory medicine, pharmacology, environmental biology, and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence or amount or the functional activity of a target entity (the analyte) which can be a drug or biochemical substance or a cell in an organism or organic sample.
        • InformationProcessing - information processing is a process that involves the generation or use of information.
        • Investigation - investigation is the process of carrying out a plan or procedure so as to discover facts or information about the object of study.
          • Experiment - An experiment is an investigation that has the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis.
            • InterventionStudy - An intervention study has the objective of improving the condition of an individual or a group of individuals, and demonstrates the magnitude of that capability by comparing it to a control group.
              • ClinicalTrial - A clinical trial is an intervention trial to determine the safety and efficacy of medical interventions (e.g., drugs, diagnostics, devices, therapy protocols).
            • MassSpectrometryExperiment - A mass spectrometry experiment is an experiment that involves the use of a mass spectrometer.
            • MicroarrayExperiment - A microarray experiment is an experiment that involves a microarray device to measure the expression of one or more genes.
            • ObservationalStudy - observational study draws inferences about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator
              • ControlledObservationalCohortStudy - In a controlled observational cohort study, two groups of subjects are selected from two populations that are thought to differ in only one characteristic. The groups of subjects are studied for a specific period and contrasted at the end of the study period.
          • Study - A study is a process that realizes the steps of a study design.
        • MedicalProcedure - A medical procedure is a procedure to identify, examine, alleviate or eliminate an undesirable biological disease or disorder.
          • DiagnosticTest - A diagnostic test is a procedure performed to confirm, or determine the presence of disease in an individual suspected of having the disease, usually following the report of symptoms, or based on the results of other medical tests.
          • DifferentialDiagnosis - A differential diagnosis (sometimes abbreviated DDx, ddx, DD, D/Dx, or ΔΔ) is a systematic diagnostic method used to identify the presence of an entity where multiple alternatives are possible (and the process may be termed differential diagnostic procedure), and may also refer to any of the included candidate alternatives (which may also be termed candidate condition).
          • MedicalDiagnosis - A medical diagnosis (often simply termed diagnosis) refers to the process of attempting to determine or identify a possible disease or disorder.
          • MedicalIntervention - None
          • MedicalScreening - A medical screening is a medical test or series used to detect or predict the presence of disease in individuals at risk for disease within a defined group, such as a population, family, or workforce
  • Primer - A primer is a nucleic acid that enables the synthesis of a complement strand of DNA by binding to it and acting as a point of transcription initiation.
    • DeoxyribonucleicAcidPrimer - A deoxyribonucleic acid primer is a deoxyribonucleic acid that enables the synthesis of a complement strand of DNA by binding to it and acting as a point of transcription initiation.
  • Target - None
    • Substrate - A substrate is a molecule that is consumed in the course of a biochemical reaction.

Mixins

Slots

  • isRelatedTo - A is related to B iff there is some relation between A and B.
    • hasAttribute - has attribute is a relation that associates a entity with an attribute where an attribute is an intrinsic characteristic such as a quality, capability, disposition, function, or is an externally derived attribute determined from some descriptor (e.g. a quantity, position, label/identifier) either directly or indirectly through generalization of entities of the same type.
      • hasAnnotation - has annotation is a relation between an entity and some textual anntotation.
      • hasBasis - has basis is a relation between a realizable entity and the quality that forms the basis for it.
      • hasIdentifier - a relation between an entity and an identifier.
        • hasUniqueIdentifier - has unique identifier is an inverse functional relation between an entity and an identifier that uniquely identifies it.
      • hasImplementation - has implementation is a relation between a specification and an implementation that conforms to it.
      • hasMeasurementValue - has measurement value is a relation between a quality/realizable and a measurement value.
        • hasFrequency - has frequency is a relation that specifies the occurence of an object or event
      • hasMember - has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
      • hasPhenotype - has phenotype is a relation between an object and an observable/measurable characteristic.
      • hasProperty - has property is a relation between an entity and the quality, capability or role that it and it alone bears.
        • hasQuality - has quality is a relation between an entity and the quality that it bears.
        • hasRealizableProperty
          • hasCapability - has capability is a relation between an entity and the capability that it bears.
            • hasDisposition - has disposition is the relation between an entity and a disposition that it bears.
              • hasFunction - has function is the relation between an entity and a function that is ascribed to it.
          • hasRole - has role is a relation between an entity and a role that it bears.
      • hasSource - has source is a relation between an entity and another entity from which it stems from.
        • hasCreator - has creator is a relation between an entity and that which created it.
        • hasProvider - is provided by is a relation between an entity and the entity that provides it.
      • hasUnit - has unit is a relation between a quantity and the unit it is a multiple of.
      • satisfies - satisfies is a relation between an entity and the specification or objective that it conforms to.
    • isAssociatedWith
    • isAttributeOf - is attribute of is a relation that associates an attribute with an entity where an attribute is an intrinsic characteristic such as a quality, capability, disposition, function, or is an externally derived attribute determined from some descriptor (e.g. a quantity, position, label/identifier) either directly or indirectly through generalization of entities of the same type.
      • isAnnotationOf - is annotation of is a relation between some textual entity and the entity that it annotates.
      • isBaseFor - is base for is a relation between a quality and the realizable entity that it is the basis for.
      • isIdentifierFor - a relation between an identifier and an entity.
        • isUniqueIdentifierFor - is unique identifier for is a relation between an identifier and an entity that it uniquely identifies
      • isImplementationOf - is implementation of is a relation between an information entity and a specification that it conforms to.
      • isMeasurementValueOf - is measurement value of is a relation between a value and the entity that it is a measurement of.
        • isFrequencyOf - is frequency of is a relation between a temporal unit and an object or event
      • isMemberOf - is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
      • isPhenotypeOf - is phenotype of is a relation between an observable/measurable characteristic and an object.
      • isPropertyOf - is property of is a relation betweena quality, capability or role and the entity that it and it alone bears.
        • isQualityOf - is quality of is a relation between a quality and the entity that it is a property of.
        • isRealizablePropertyOf
          • isCapabilityOf - is capability of is a relation between a capability and the entity that bears it.
            • isDispositionOf - is disposition of is a relation between a disposition and the entity that it is a property of.
              • isFunctionOf - is function of is a relation between a function and an entity that it is a property of.
          • isRoleOf - is role of is a relation between a role and the entity that it is a property of.
      • isSatisfiedBy
      • isSourceOf - is source of is a relation between a source of information about some entity.
        • isCreatorOf - is creator of is a relation between a creator and an entity..
        • isProviderOf - is provider of is a relation between a source and the entity it makes available.
      • isUnitOf - is unit of is a relation between a unit and a quantity that it is a multiple of.
    • isComparableTo - is comparable to is a relation between two entities that share at least one feature whose value can be compared.
      • isIdenticalTo - is identical to is a relation between two objects that are conceptually the same notwithstanding provenance or other non-intrinsic attributes.
      • isNumericallyComparableTo - is numerically comparable to is a comparison relation between two quantities whose datatype value can be compared.
        • isEqualTo - is equal to is a comparison relation between two quantities whose value are exactly the same.
        • isGreaterThanOrEqualTo - is greater than or equal to is a comparison relation between two quantities in which the first has a value larger or equal to the second.
          • isGreaterThan - is greater than to is a comparison relation between two quantities in which the first has a value larger than the second.
        • isInequalTo - is inequal to is a comparison relation between two quantities whose value are not the same.
        • isLesserThanOrEqualTo - is greater than to is a comparison relation between two quantities in which the first has a value smaller or equal to the second.
          • isLesserThan - is lesser than to is a comparison relation between two quantities in which the first has a value smaller than the second.
      • isVariantOf - is variant of: a relationship indicating that two entities are different (by some measure), but either achieve the same objectives in different ways or are permutations of one another (temporal, logical or otherwise)
        • isAlternateOf - is alternate of relates two specialized instances.
        • isDissimilarTo - is dissimilar to is a relation between two entities in which one is considered dissimilar to the other based on some criteria.
          • isOppositeTo - is opposite to is a relation between two entities in which one is diametrically opposed to the other.
        • isGeneralizationOf - is generalization of is a relation between a more general instance (in terms of spatial/temporal localization & other attributres) than the other.
        • isHomologousTo - a relation between two entities which indicates their common ancestry.
          • isOrthologousTo - is orthologous to is a relation between two biological entities that share a common ancestor and occur in different species.
            • isXenologousTo - a relation between two entities which indicates their common ancestry but due to horizontal gene transfer.
          • isParalogousTo - is paralogous to is a relation between two entities which indicates their common ancestry as a result of a gene duplication.
        • isSimilarTo - is similar to is a relation between two entities that share one or more features.
        • isSpecializationOf - is specialization of is a relation between a more specific instance (in terms of spatial/temporal localization & other attributres) than the other.
        • isVersionOf - is version of is a relation that holds between any two versions in which one is a subsequent or alternate version of (through a branch).
          • isPriorVersionOf - A is prior version of B iff A is a variant of B and B derives from A.
          • isSubsequentVersionOf - A is subsequent version of B iff A is a variant of B and A derives from B.
    • isGenericallyRelatedWith - A is generically related with B iff A is an abstract entity or an information content entity and B is a information content entity or a physical entity, respectively.
      • hasConcretization - A has concretization B iff A is an informational entity and B is the a quality of some material entity.
      • hasExpression
      • isConcretizationOf - A is concretization of B iff A is a quality of a material entity and B is an informational entity.
      • isExpressionOf - is expression of is a relation between more concrete expression of some conceptualization.
      • isManifestationOf
      • isManifestedAs - is manifested as is a relation between an expression and its manifestations.
    • isMutuallyRelatedTo - a is mutually related to b if and only if the realization of the relation of a necessarily causes the realization of a relation to b.
      • isMutualCapabilityOf - a is mutual capability of b if and only if the realization of capability a necessarily causes the realization of capability b.
      • isMutualDispositionOf - a is mutual disposition of b if and only if the realization of the disposition a necessarily causes the realization of the disposition b.
      • isMutualRoleOf - a is mutual role of b if and only if the realization of role a necessarily causes the realization of role b.
    • isReferredToBy - A is referred to by B iff B is an informational entity that makes reference to A.
    • isSpatiotemporallyRelatedTo - A is spatiotemporally related to B iff A is in the spatial or temporal vicinity of B
      • existsAt - exists at is a relation between an entity and a time measurement.
        • measuredAt - measured at is a relation between a measurement value and the time measurement.
      • hasParticipant - has participant is a relation that describes the participation of the object in the (processual) subject.
        • hasAgent - has agent is a relation between a process and an entity, where the entity is present throughout the process and is a causal participant in the process.
        • hasInput - has input is a relation between a process and an entity, where the entity is present at the beginning of the process.
          • hasParameter - has parameter is a relation between a process and an information content entity which modulates the behaviour of some participant.
          • hasTarget - has target is a relation between a process and an entity, where the entity is present at the beginning of the process and undergoes a change or transformation in the process.
            • hasSubstrate - has substrate is a relation between a process and an object where the object is destroyed by its participation in the process.
        • hasOutput - has output is a relation between an process and an entity, where the entity is present at the end of the process.
          • affects
          • hasProduct - has product is a relation between an process and an entity, where a new entity exists at the end of the process.
          • realizes - realizes is a relation between a process and a realizable entity (role, function, disposition).
      • isAdjacentTo - A is adjacent to B iff there is a small, but non-zero distance between A and B
      • isCausallyRelatedWith - A transitive, symmetric, temporal relation in which one entity is causally related with another non-identical entity.
        • isCausallyRelatedFrom - a is causally related from b iff there is a causal chain of events from b to a
          • isDerivedFrom - A transitive temporal relation in which one entity was materially formed from another non-identical entity.
            • isImmediatelyDerivedFrom - A non-transitive temporal relation in which one entity is immediately derived from a non-identical entity such that there are no intermediate entities between them.
          • isRegulatedBy
          • isResultOf
          • isTransformedFrom - A transitive temporal relation in which an entity mainstains identity from one state to another.
          • isTriggerFor
          • precedes - A transitive, temporal relation in which one process precedes (has occured earlier than) another process.
            • immediatelyPrecedes - A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes.
        • isCausallyRelatedTo - a is causally related to b iff there is a causal chain of events from a to b
          • derivesInto - a derives to b if and only if a or some part thereof is consumed in the formation of b.
            • immediatelyDerivesInto - a immediately derives into b if and only if a or some significant part thereof is consumed in the formation of b and there are no identifiable intermediate entities between a and b.
          • hasTrigger - has trigger is a relation between a realizable and the factor that causes it to be realized.
          • isPrecededBy
            • isImmediatelyPrecededBy - A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process is immediately preceded by another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes.
          • regulates - x regulates y if and only if x is a process and y is either a process or a quality, and the progression of x exerts an effect on the frequency, rate or extent of y
          • resultsIn
          • transformsInto - A transitive temporal relation in which an entity mainstains identity from one state to another.
      • isConnectedTo - A is connected to B iff there exists a fiat, material or temporal path between A and B. [S][T]
        • isCovalentlyConnectedTotransitive
        • isDirectlyConnectedTo - A is directly connected to B iff there exists a path direclty between A and B.
          • isCovalentlyConnectedTo - is covalently connected to is a relation between an atom and another atom.
          • isDirectlyAfter - is directly after is a relation between entities placed on a dimensional axis in which the projection of the position of the first entity is numerically greater than the projection of the position of the second entity, and the entities are adjacent to one another.
        • isPositionallyAfter - is positionally after is a relation between entities placed on a dimensional axis in which the projection of the position of the first entity is numerically greater than the projection of the position of the second entity.
        • isPositionallyBefore - is positionally before is a relation between entities placed on a dimensional axis in which the projection of the position of the first entity is numerically less than the projection of the position of the second entity.
          • isDirectlyBefore - is directly before is a relation between entities placed on a dimensional axis in which the projection of the position of the first entity is numerically less than the projection of the position of the second entity, and the entities are adjacent to one another.
        • isWeaklyInteractingWithtransitive - is weakly interacting with is a symmetric relation between two molecular entities (or any part thereof) that are interacting through some weak force (van der waals, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions)
      • isLocatedIn - A is located in B iff the spatialtemporial region occupied by A is part of the spatialtemporal region occupied by B. [T][R]
        • isContainedIn - A is contained in B iff the spatial region occupied by A is part of the spatial region occupied by B and A is not part of B. [T]
          • isSurroundedBy - A 'is surrounded by' B iff the A 'is contained by' B and A 'is adjacent to' B or A 'is directly connected to' B.
        • isPartOf - is part of is a transitive, reflexive and anti-symmetric mereological relation between a whole and itself or a part and its whole.
          • isProperPartOf - is proper part of is an asymmetric, irreflexive (normally transitive) relation between a part and its distinct whole.
            • isBoundaryOf - is boundary of is a mereological relation between a boundary located at the periphery of a whole.
            • isDirectPartOf - is direct part of is a relation between a specific part (at some level of granularity) and its whole.
              • isComponentPartOf - is component part of is a relation between a component and a whole, where the component is instrinsic to the whole, and loss of the part would change the kind that the whole is.
            • isOrderedPartOf - is ordered part of is a proper part relation in which the part is one of a set of linearly ordered parts resulting from the projection of the whole on a linear coordinate system.
              • isFirstPartOf - is first part of is a proper part relation in which the part is the first of a set of linearly ordered parts resulting from the projection of the whole on a linear coordinate system.
              • isLastPartOf - is last part of is a proper part relation in which the part is the last of a set of linearly ordered parts resulting from the projection of the whole on a linear coordinate system.
      • isLocationOf - A is location of B iff the spatialtemporal region occupied by A has the spatialtemporal region occupied by B as a part. [T][R]
        • contains - A contains B iff the spatial region occupied by A has the spatial region occupied by B as a part, and B is not part of A. [T]
          • surrounds - A 'surrounds' B iff the A 'contains' B and A 'is adjacent to' B or A 'is directly connected to' B.
        • hasPart - has part is a transitive, reflexive and antisymmetric relation between a whole and itself or a whole and its part.
          • hasProperPart - has proper part is an antisymmetric, irreflexive (normally transitive) relation between a whole and a distinct part.
            • hasBoundary - has boundary is a mereological relation between a whole and boundary located at its periphery.
            • hasDirectPart - has direct part is a relation to specify a part at a particular level of granularity
              • hasComponentPart - has component part is a relation between a whole and a component part where the component is instrinsic to the whole, and loss of the part would change the kind that it is.
            • hasOrderedPart - has ordered part of is a proper part relation in which the part is one of a set of linearly ordered parts resulting from the projection of the whole on a linear coordinate system.
              • hasFirstPart - has first part is a proper part relation in which the part is the first of a set of linearly ordered parts resulting from the projection of the whole on a linear coordinate system.
              • hasLastPart - has last part is a proper part relation in which the part is the last of a set of linearly ordered parts resulting from the projection of the whole on a linear coordinate system.
      • isParticipantIn - is participant in is a relation that describes the participation of the subject in the (processual) object.
        • isAffectedBy
        • isAgentIn - is agent in is a relation between an entity and a process, where the entity is present throughout the process, no permanent material change occurs, and is a causal participant in the process.
        • isInputIn - is input in is a relation between an entity and a process, where the entity is present at the beginning of the process.
          • isParameterIn - is parameter in is a relation between a data item and some data transformation process.
          • isTargetIn - is target in is a relation between an entity and a process, where the entity is present at the beginning of the process and undergoes a change or transformation in the process.
        • isOutputOf - is output of is a relation between an entity and a process, where the entity is present at the end of the process.
          • isProductOf - is product of is a relation between an entity and a process, where the entity is present at the end of the process as a result of a transformation in the process target.
        • isRealizedIn
      • overlapsWith - A overlaps with B iff there is some C that is part of both A and B. [S][R]
    • refersTo - refers to is a relation between one entity and the entity that it makes reference to.
      • describes - describes is a relation between one entity and another entity that it provides a description (detailed account of).
        • isAbout - is about is a relation between an information content entity and the entity that its primary subject.
        • specifies - A relation between an information content entity and a product that it (directly/indirectly) specifies
          • encodes - A relation between two objects, in which the first object contains information that is used to produce the second object.
            • isTranscribedInto - a relation between two information content entities in which one is transcribed into (an exact or similar kind) another through some process.
            • isTranslatedInto
      • hasDataItem - has data item is a relation between a dataset and any described / referrenced entity.
      • inRelationTo - in relation to is a comparative relation to indicate that the instance of the class holding the relation exists in relation to another entity.
      • isDataItemIn - 'is data item in' is a relation between an entity that is described or referenced in a dataset.
      • references - references is a relation between one entity and the entity that it makes reference to by name, but is not described by it.
        • cites - cites is a relation to refer to by way of example, authority or proof.
        • hasEvidence - has evidence is a relation between a proposition and something that demonstrates the truth of the assertion.
          • isDisputedBy - has disputing evidence is a relation between a proposition and something that disputes (does not directly support) the truth of the assertion.
          • isRefutedBy - has evidence is a relation between a proposition and something that refutes (is incompatible with) the truth of the assertion.
          • isSupportedBy - is supported by is a relation between a proposition and something that supports the truth of the assertion.
      • represents - a represents b when a serves as a sign, symbol or model of b.
        • denotes - denotes is a relation between an entity and what it is a sign or indication of, or what specifically means.
        • isModelOf - is model of is a relation between a model (an artifact) and the entity it purports to represent.

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